Chapter 3 - Diversity of life (Unit 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the importance of Kingdom Plantae?
A
- base of all food chains
- Provides fuel, food, fibre
- Used to make medicines
- Release O2
- Cycle nutrients
- Clean air, water
- Detox soil
2
Q
What are characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?
A
- Eukaryotic
- Cell walls - Cellulose
- Carry out photosynthesis
3
Q
Describe the evolution of plants
A
- Evolved from aquatic (green algae)
1. Formation of embryo
2. Ability to stand + grow
3. Vascular tissue (transport nutri)
4. Reducing water loss
5. Spreading reproductive structures
4
Q
How does Reproduction work in Kingdom Plantae? (diff generations + descriptions)
A
- Alternation of generations (haploid/diploid)
Haploid: - Gametophyte (produces gametes)
- Egg + sperm cells
Diploid:
- Sporophyte (produces spores)
5
Q
KP - What are spores?
A
- Haploid
- Can develop into new organisms
- Develop tough coats (persist harsh conditions)
- Don’t need fertilization
6
Q
KP - What are Gametes?
A
- Haploid
- Must fuse with other gametes to form a zygote
- Need fertilization
7
Q
What are the 5 major plant groups?
A
- Green Algae
- Mosses
- Ferns
- Seed plants
- Flowering plants
8
Q
Describe Green Algae
A
- Found in freshwater
- Have cell walls
- Have chlorophyll
- Plant ancestor
- Does not alternate generations
9
Q
Describe Mosses
A
- Seedless + Non-vascular
- First branch off aquatic
- No seeds
- Short
- Gametophyte generation is dom
- Called Bryophytes (live close to H2O)
10
Q
Describe Ferns
A
- Seedless + Vascular
- Sporophyte is dom generation
- Gametophyte (prothallus)
- Have sperm + Egg struc
11
Q
Describe Seed Plants
A
- Called Gymnosperms
- Vascular -> “naked seeds”
(not protected in ovary) - Seeds = plant embryos
Ex: Pine, spruce, fir
12
Q
Describe Flowering plants
A
- Called Angiosperms
- “enclosed seed” -> in ovary
- Last grp
- Reproductive sys -> flowers
- Pollen moved by animals + wind
- Hold gametophytes
13
Q
What does Sporophyte mean?
A
- Diploid generation
14
Q
What does Gymnosperms mean?
A
- Plants that bear “naked seeds”
15
Q
What does Angiosperms mean?
A
- Flowering plants
- Enclosed seeds in ovary
16
Q
What does Bryophytes mean?
A
- Mosses
- grow close to the ground
- Close to water
17
Q
Describe the Kingdom Animalia
A
- Eukaryotic
- No cell wall
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophs
- Form hollow ball of cells (blastula)
18
Q
KA - Describe evolution
A
- Water to land
- have blueprints/ “body plants”
- Follow Hierarchy of organization
19
Q
What are the 3 body symmetries?
A
- Asymmetrical
- Radical
- Bilateral
20
Q
KA - Describe Asymmetrical symmetry
(provide an example)
A
- No distinct shape
Ex: Sea sponges
21
Q
KA - Describe Radical symmetry
(provide an example)
A
- Cylindrical
- Have central axis
- No front/back
- Can interact with environ in any way
- Helpful for ones that don’t move
Ex: Sea Anemone
22
Q
KA - Describe Bilateral symmetry
(provide an example)
A
- Mirror image (right + left)
- Most common
- Cephalization occurs (form distinct head)
+ sensory organs
Ex: humans
23
Q
KA - What is segmentation?
A
- Repeating parts/segments
- Segments may become specialized
Ex: Earthworms
24
Q
KA - Describe limbs
A
- Found in bilateral sym animals
- Used for movement/defense
Ex: Legs, flippers, wings
25
KA- Describe embryological development
1. Zygote
2. Blastula
- Hollow ball of cells
- Pinches inwards to form digestive tract
3. Blastopore
26
KA - Describe the blastopore stage
- First opening of digestive tract
* If mouth -> protostome
* If anus -> deuterostome
- determines how closely related species are
27
KA - What is Phylogenetics?
- Animal genetics traced to
1. Comparative anatomy
2. Embryology
3. Genetics
4. Molecular studies
28
What are the 2 major groups of animals ? Describe them
1. Vertebrates
- Have backbone
- Form phylum Chordata
- Have skull + spine (protects nervous system)
- Common ancestor -> hagfishes + lampreys
- Have hinged jaws
2. Invertebrates
- No spine/backbone
29
KA- Invertebrates (what are Porifera?)
- Sponges, Hydras, Anemones
30
KA- Invertebrates (what are Cnidaria?)
- Jellyfish
31
KA- Invertebrates (what are Platyhelminthes?)
- Flatworms
32
KA- Invertebrates (what are Nematoda?)
- Roundworms
33
KA- Invertebrates (what are Annelida?)
- Segmented worms
34
KA- Invertebrates (what are Mollusca?)
- Snails, clams, squids
35
KA- Invertebrates (what are Arthropoda?)
- Insects, crustations, spiders
36
KA- Invertebrates (what are Echinodermata?)
- Starfish, Sea urchins
37
What are the 5 human threats to biodiversity?
1. Destroying habitats
2. Pollution
3. Invasive species
4. Overexploitation
5. Climate Change
38
Describe Habitat loss + fragmentation
- Biggest threat to bd
- Due to high population + development
Habitat Fragmentation:
- Altering small areas in a large region
- Creates patches of altered land
39
Describe Invasive species
- Invade new habitats -> prey on native species
- Humans introduced them on purpose or unintentionally
40
Describe pollution
- From cars + coal
- Release GHG's
- Add to global warming + acid rain
41
Describe Overexploitation
- Harvesting resources faster than they can be replaced
42
Describe Climate Change
- Human activities have increased CO2
- deforestation + fossil fuels
- Will cause
- disease outbreaks, migration, extreme weather
43
What is the Synergistic Effect?
- Impact of several human activities combined
44
What is Ex- situ conservation?
- Removing from habitat
- Last resort
45
What is In-situ conservation
- Protecting in natural habitats
- Through restoration, laws, areas
