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Biology - 11 > Chapter 3 - Diversity of life (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Diversity of life (Unit 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the importance of Kingdom Plantae?

A
  • base of all food chains
  • Provides fuel, food, fibre
  • Used to make medicines
  • Release O2
  • Cycle nutrients
  • Clean air, water
  • Detox soil
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2
Q

What are characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Cell walls - Cellulose
  3. Carry out photosynthesis
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3
Q

Describe the evolution of plants

A
  • Evolved from aquatic (green algae)
    1. Formation of embryo
    2. Ability to stand + grow
    3. Vascular tissue (transport nutri)
    4. Reducing water loss
    5. Spreading reproductive structures
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4
Q

How does Reproduction work in Kingdom Plantae? (diff generations + descriptions)

A
  • Alternation of generations (haploid/diploid)
    Haploid:
  • Gametophyte (produces gametes)
  • Egg + sperm cells

Diploid:
- Sporophyte (produces spores)

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5
Q

KP - What are spores?

A
  • Haploid
  • Can develop into new organisms
  • Develop tough coats (persist harsh conditions)
  • Don’t need fertilization
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6
Q

KP - What are Gametes?

A
  • Haploid
  • Must fuse with other gametes to form a zygote
  • Need fertilization
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7
Q

What are the 5 major plant groups?

A
  1. Green Algae
  2. Mosses
  3. Ferns
  4. Seed plants
  5. Flowering plants
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8
Q

Describe Green Algae

A
  • Found in freshwater
  • Have cell walls
  • Have chlorophyll
  • Plant ancestor
  • Does not alternate generations
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9
Q

Describe Mosses

A
  • Seedless + Non-vascular
  • First branch off aquatic
  • No seeds
  • Short
  • Gametophyte generation is dom
  • Called Bryophytes (live close to H2O)
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10
Q

Describe Ferns

A
  • Seedless + Vascular
  • Sporophyte is dom generation
  • Gametophyte (prothallus)
  • Have sperm + Egg struc
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11
Q

Describe Seed Plants

A
  • Called Gymnosperms
  • Vascular -> “naked seeds”
    (not protected in ovary)
  • Seeds = plant embryos
    Ex: Pine, spruce, fir
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12
Q

Describe Flowering plants

A
  • Called Angiosperms
  • “enclosed seed” -> in ovary
  • Last grp
  • Reproductive sys -> flowers
  • Pollen moved by animals + wind
  • Hold gametophytes
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13
Q

What does Sporophyte mean?

A
  • Diploid generation
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14
Q

What does Gymnosperms mean?

A
  • Plants that bear “naked seeds”
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15
Q

What does Angiosperms mean?

A
  • Flowering plants
  • Enclosed seeds in ovary
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16
Q

What does Bryophytes mean?

A
  • Mosses
  • grow close to the ground
  • Close to water
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17
Q

Describe the Kingdom Animalia

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • No cell wall
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophs
  • Form hollow ball of cells (blastula)
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18
Q

KA - Describe evolution

A
  • Water to land
  • have blueprints/ “body plants”
  • Follow Hierarchy of organization
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19
Q

What are the 3 body symmetries?

A
  1. Asymmetrical
  2. Radical
  3. Bilateral
20
Q

KA - Describe Asymmetrical symmetry
(provide an example)

A
  • No distinct shape
    Ex: Sea sponges
21
Q

KA - Describe Radical symmetry
(provide an example)

A
  • Cylindrical
  • Have central axis
  • No front/back
  • Can interact with environ in any way
  • Helpful for ones that don’t move
    Ex: Sea Anemone
22
Q

KA - Describe Bilateral symmetry
(provide an example)

A
  • Mirror image (right + left)
  • Most common
  • Cephalization occurs (form distinct head)
    + sensory organs
    Ex: humans
23
Q

KA - What is segmentation?

A
  • Repeating parts/segments
  • Segments may become specialized
    Ex: Earthworms
24
Q

KA - Describe limbs

A
  • Found in bilateral sym animals
  • Used for movement/defense
    Ex: Legs, flippers, wings
25
Q

KA- Describe embryological development

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Blastula
    - Hollow ball of cells
    - Pinches inwards to form digestive tract
  3. Blastopore
26
Q

KA - Describe the blastopore stage

A
  • First opening of digestive tract
  • If mouth -> protostome
  • If anus -> deuterostome
  • determines how closely related species are
27
Q

KA - What is Phylogenetics?

A
  • Animal genetics traced to
    1. Comparative anatomy
    2. Embryology
    3. Genetics
    4. Molecular studies
28
Q

What are the 2 major groups of animals ? Describe them

A
  1. Vertebrates
    - Have backbone
    - Form phylum Chordata
    - Have skull + spine (protects nervous system)
    - Common ancestor -> hagfishes + lampreys
    - Have hinged jaws
  2. Invertebrates
    - No spine/backbone
29
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Porifera?)

A
  • Sponges, Hydras, Anemones
30
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Cnidaria?)

A
  • Jellyfish
31
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Platyhelminthes?)

A
  • Flatworms
32
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Nematoda?)

A
  • Roundworms
33
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Annelida?)

A
  • Segmented worms
34
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Mollusca?)

A
  • Snails, clams, squids
35
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Arthropoda?)

A
  • Insects, crustations, spiders
36
Q

KA- Invertebrates (what are Echinodermata?)

A
  • Starfish, Sea urchins
37
Q

What are the 5 human threats to biodiversity?

A
  1. Destroying habitats
  2. Pollution
  3. Invasive species
  4. Overexploitation
  5. Climate Change
38
Q

Describe Habitat loss + fragmentation

A
  • Biggest threat to bd
  • Due to high population + development

Habitat Fragmentation:
- Altering small areas in a large region
- Creates patches of altered land

39
Q

Describe Invasive species

A
  • Invade new habitats -> prey on native species
  • Humans introduced them on purpose or unintentionally
40
Q

Describe pollution

A
  • From cars + coal
  • Release GHG’s
  • Add to global warming + acid rain
41
Q

Describe Overexploitation

A
  • Harvesting resources faster than they can be replaced
42
Q

Describe Climate Change

A
  • Human activities have increased CO2
  • deforestation + fossil fuels
  • Will cause
  • disease outbreaks, migration, extreme weather
43
Q

What is the Synergistic Effect?

A
  • Impact of several human activities combined
44
Q

What is Ex- situ conservation?

A
  • Removing from habitat
  • Last resort
45
Q

What is In-situ conservation

A
  • Protecting in natural habitats
  • Through restoration, laws, areas

Biology - 11 (6 decks)

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