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Biology - 11 > Chapter 2 - Diversity of life (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Diversity of life (Unit 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Are viruses classified as living things?

A

No

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2
Q

What are factors make Viruses living?

A
  1. Have genetic info and proteins
  2. Adapt to different environments
  3. Genes mutate + evolve
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3
Q

What factors make Viruses Non-living?

A
  1. No cellular organelles
  2. cannot produce its own energy
  3. Rely on host’s cells for all cellular functions
  4. Cannot grow + respire
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4
Q

What are Bacteriophages?

A

They are “bacteria eaters”, with distinct head and tail shapes.

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5
Q

What is the structure/function of bacteria?

A
  • Very small
  • Contain genetic material (DNA/RNA)
  • Surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
  • Cannot live independently (need host)
  • Only affect specific organisms
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6
Q

What is a Capsid?

A
  • Gives viruses its shape (geometric)
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7
Q

What is a DNA virus?

A
  • Double stranded
    (Ex: Chicken pox, smallpox)
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8
Q

What is a RNA virus?

A
  • Single stranded
    (Ex: SARS, Measles)
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9
Q

What is a Retrovirus?

A
  • Single stranded
  • Used to copy DNA
    (Ex: HIV)
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10
Q

What are the stages of the Lytic cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
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11
Q

What is Attachment in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Phage (virus chemically identifies host cells)
  • Attaches to cell membrane
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12
Q

What is Penetration in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) is injected into host cell
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13
Q

What is Synthesis in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Nucleic acid takes over (inserting into host DNA)
  • Normal cell function stops
  • Becomes directed to make more virus copies of nucleic acid + proteins
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14
Q

What is Assembly in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Nucleic acid + protein coat are assembled into new viruses
  • (virus parts are put together)
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15
Q

What is Release/Lysis in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Host cell is programmed to digest itself
  • Cell bursts open -> hundreds of new viruses are released
  • New viruses infect other cells
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16
Q

What does Lysis mean?

A

The breaking apart of a cell

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17
Q

What are the two new stages in the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  1. Latent/Dormant phase
  2. Stimuli
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18
Q

What is the Latent/Dormant phase in the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  • Host cell copies its DNA + Viral DNA
  • In mitosis
  • Not all viruses have the ability
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19
Q

What is the Stimuli phase in the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  • Stressors (temps, chem) trigger Lytic cycle
  • Activates Viral DNA
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20
Q

What is the differences between the Lytic and Lysogenic cycles?

A
  • Lysogenic has Latent/Dormant + Stimuli phases
  • Lytic is when viruses use a host cell’s functions
  • Lysogenic is when DNA is copied to a new cell
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21
Q

Features of Prokaryotes:

A
  • No nuclear membrane
  • No membrane bnd organelles
  • Small amounts of DNA
  • Single chromosome, No protein
  • Mostly Asexual reproduction -> binary fission
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22
Q

What is Binary fission

A
  • Way of reproducing
  • Similar to mitosis
  • DNA is not copied in nucleus
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23
Q

Features of Eukaryotes:

A
  • Defined nuclear membrane
  • Diverse # of organelles
  • Large amounts of DNA
  • Numerous chromosomes + proteins
  • Reproduction through mitosis/meiosis
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24
Q

What is Archaebacteria?

A
  • Closest living relative to the first cells
  • Extremophiles (live in harsh environments)
    (Ex: Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake)
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25
Q

What is Eubacteria?

A
  • Exist anywhere
  • Autotrophic/Heterotrophic
  • Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
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26
Q

How do you classify Eubacteria?

A
  1. Ability of cell wall to take up stain (Gram stain)
  2. Cell shape
  3. Movement
  4. Nutrition
27
Q

What is Gram stain? How does it work?

A
  • If Eubacteria has thick walls -> stain is purple (Gram positive +)
  • If Eubacteria has thin walls -> stain is pink
    (Gram negative -)
28
Q

What are the three cell shapes and their names?

A
  1. Spherical -> coccus/cocci
  2. Rod-shaped -> Bacillus/bacilli
  3. Spiral-shaped -> spirillum (usually found alone)
29
Q

What are the three prefixes for prokaryotes?

A
  1. Diplo = pairs
  2. Strepto = linear chains
  3. Stapho = grape-like clusters
30
Q

What are Phototrophics?

A
  • Plants
  • Make food from light
31
Q

What are Photoheterotrophs?

A
  • Combination (consume + make food)
32
Q

What are Chemoautotrophs?

A
  • Use chemicals to make energy
33
Q

What is Asexual reproduction in bacteria?

A
  • Performed by most bacteria (thro binary fission)
  • Similar to mitosis
  • Produces clone (low genetic diversity)
34
Q

What are the different types of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
35
Q

What is Transformation in SR?

A
  • Bacteria picks up free-floating DNA in environment
  • Incorporates into own DNA
36
Q

What is Conjugation in SR?

A
  • “Mating bridge” -> pilus
  • exchange pilus (small bits of DNA not from nucleus)
37
Q

What is pilus?

A
  • Small bits of DNA not from nucleus
38
Q

What is Transduction?

A
  • DNA transferred from 1 bacterium to another
    (via virus)
39
Q

What are Endospores and their function?

A
  • A protective layer that covers DNA in times of stress
  • Persists heat/cold/water for many years
40
Q

What are Protista?

A
  • Junk drawer of organisms
  • 1 phylum
  • All eukaryotes
  • Evolved from prokaryotic bacteria
  • Variety of niches/habitats
  • Animal/plant/fungi like
41
Q

What is the structure of protists?

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Some colonial (live in groups)
  • Eukaryotic
42
Q

What are the two origin stories of Protista? Describe each.

A
  1. Inward folding of membranes
    - Created membrane bound organelles
  2. Endosymbiosis (most likely)
    - Ancient unicellular prey consumed by predator
    - Small prokaryote ingested by larger
    - Not fully digested
    - Symbiotic relationship
43
Q

What are the 3 Motility types, and their structure?

A

Pseudopodia:
- amoeba creep (extended cytoplasm)
- Create false feet

Cilia/Flagella:
- Paramecia have small hair like structures (cillia)
- Ciliates have cilia
- Flagellates have flagella

None:
- Rely on wind/water

44
Q

What are the 3 ways Protists reproduce?

A
  1. Sexual
  2. Asexual
  3. Both
45
Q

What are the 3 classification systems in Protista?

A
  1. Animal-like
  2. Plant-like
  3. Fungi-like
46
Q

What does the classification of Animal-like look in Protista?

A
  • Heterotrophs
    Endocytosis:
  • Engulf food -> extend cytoplasm
    Ex: Amoeba
    Ciliates:
  • Sweep food -> into oral groove
    Ex: paramecium
47
Q

What does the classification of Plant-like look in Protista?

A
  • Autotrophs
  • Have chloroplasts
    Ex: Algae -> multicellular
48
Q

What does the classification of Fungi-like look in Protista?

A
  • Heterotrophs
  • *Saprophytes -> feed on decaying matter
    Ex: slime/water mould
49
Q

Why are Protists important? 3 reasons.

A
  1. Provide food + oxygen to aquatic life
  2. Have symbiotic relationships with other organisms
  3. World’s most serious diseases (malaria)
50
Q

Describe Fungi, their functions and provide examples.

A
  • Related to animals -> heterotrophs
  • Are saprophytes
  • Release digestive enzymes into environment (absorb nutrients)
  • Require oxygen (aerobic)
    Ex: Mushrooms, mildew, molds
51
Q

What are Saprophytes?

A
  • Organisms that feed off decaying matter
52
Q

What are the four importances of Fungi? And what they mean.

A
  1. Decomposers
    - Recycle materials
    - Break down org matter
  2. Symbiotic relationship with plants
    - Help receive essential nutrients (80%)
  3. Some are parasitic
    - Absorb nutrients from cells/fluids of host
    - Damaging it
  4. Produce antibiotics
    - Ex: Penicillin
53
Q

What is the Structure of Fungi?

A
  • Mostly multicellular
  • Bodies made from Hyphae
  • Cell was contain chitin
54
Q

What is Chitin?

A
  • Strong flexible carbohydrate
  • Found in the exoskeleton of insects
55
Q

What is Hyphae, its structure and an example?

A
  • Tiny threads of cytoplasm
  • Thinner than plant roots
  • Subdivided by additional cell walls -> cross walls
  • Grow into large interwoven mat of mycelia
  • Found in large mushrooms in fruiting body
  • Above ground
56
Q

What is a fruit body?

A
  • Above ground extension of mycelium
57
Q

What are cross walls and their function?

A
  • Divide hyphae
  • Allow cytoplasm, nuclei, nutri to pass throughout hyphae
  • Keeps fungi healthy + alive
58
Q

Describe Mycelium

A
  • Feeds fungi
  • Fibrous
  • Maximizes surface area -> obtain most nutri
  • Found under the ground
59
Q

What is Mycorrhizae?

A
  • fungus on plant roots
  • Performs Mutualistic Symbiosis with PR
  • Receives sugars/starches from pr
  • Fungus extension of pr
  • Allows for absorption of nutri
  • small size -> penetration where pr cant
60
Q

What are the two important vocab words in Reproduction and what do they mean?

A

Haploid: (n)
- 1/2 genetics of an organism

Diploid: (2n)
- 2 complete copies of DNA/full amount

61
Q

What is the process of Asexual reproduction in fungi?

A
  1. Hyphae break off
  2. Spores are released
    - through haploid cells
  3. Favorable conditions = germination
  4. Spread via wind
62
Q

What is Meiosis?

A
  • 2n diploid breaks into 2 seperate haploids (n)
63
Q

What is the process of Sexual reproduction in fungi?

A
  • Fungi have 2 sexes (+ or - )
  1. Opp haploid hyphae grow towards each other
    - fuse to make a zygospore/diploid
    - 2 sets of chromosomes ( 1 from each parent)
  2. Zygospore produces haploid spores
    - genetically unique

*some have the development stage
- Creates dikaryotic hyphae (2 nuclei per cell)

  1. Grows into above ground fruiting body
  2. 2 nuclei fuse -> single diploid nucleus
    - divide via meiosis
    - Create haploid spores
    - finish cycle

Biology - 11 (6 decks)

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