Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology - 11 > Chapter 2 - Diversity of life (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Diversity of life (Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Are viruses classified as living things?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are factors make Viruses living?

A
  1. Have genetic info and proteins
  2. Adapt to different environments
  3. Genes mutate + evolve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors make Viruses Non-living?

A
  1. No cellular organelles
  2. cannot produce its own energy
  3. Rely on host’s cells for all cellular functions
  4. Cannot grow + respire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Bacteriophages?

A

They are “bacteria eaters”, with distinct head and tail shapes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the structure/function of bacteria?

A
  • Very small
  • Contain genetic material (DNA/RNA)
  • Surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
  • Cannot live independently (need host)
  • Only affect specific organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Capsid?

A
  • Gives viruses its shape (geometric)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a DNA virus?

A
  • Double stranded
    (Ex: Chicken pox, smallpox)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a RNA virus?

A
  • Single stranded
    (Ex: SARS, Measles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Retrovirus?

A
  • Single stranded
  • Used to copy DNA
    (Ex: HIV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the stages of the Lytic cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Attachment in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Phage (virus chemically identifies host cells)
  • Attaches to cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Penetration in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) is injected into host cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Synthesis in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Nucleic acid takes over (inserting into host DNA)
  • Normal cell function stops
  • Becomes directed to make more virus copies of nucleic acid + proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Assembly in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Nucleic acid + protein coat are assembled into new viruses
  • (virus parts are put together)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Release/Lysis in the Lytic cycle?

A
  • Host cell is programmed to digest itself
  • Cell bursts open -> hundreds of new viruses are released
  • New viruses infect other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Lysis mean?

A

The breaking apart of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two new stages in the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  1. Latent/Dormant phase
  2. Stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Latent/Dormant phase in the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  • Host cell copies its DNA + Viral DNA
  • In mitosis
  • Not all viruses have the ability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Stimuli phase in the Lysogenic cycle?

A
  • Stressors (temps, chem) trigger Lytic cycle
  • Activates Viral DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the differences between the Lytic and Lysogenic cycles?

A
  • Lysogenic has Latent/Dormant + Stimuli phases
  • Lytic is when viruses use a host cell’s functions
  • Lysogenic is when DNA is copied to a new cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Features of Prokaryotes:

A
  • No nuclear membrane
  • No membrane bnd organelles
  • Small amounts of DNA
  • Single chromosome, No protein
  • Mostly Asexual reproduction -> binary fission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Binary fission

A
  • Way of reproducing
  • Similar to mitosis
  • DNA is not copied in nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Features of Eukaryotes:

A
  • Defined nuclear membrane
  • Diverse # of organelles
  • Large amounts of DNA
  • Numerous chromosomes + proteins
  • Reproduction through mitosis/meiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Archaebacteria?

A
  • Closest living relative to the first cells
  • Extremophiles (live in harsh environments)
    (Ex: Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Eubacteria?
- Exist anywhere - Autotrophic/Heterotrophic - Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
26
How do you classify Eubacteria?
1. Ability of cell wall to take up stain (Gram stain) 2. Cell shape 3. Movement 4. Nutrition
27
What is Gram stain? How does it work?
- If Eubacteria has thick walls -> stain is purple (Gram positive +) - If Eubacteria has thin walls -> stain is pink (Gram negative -)
28
What are the three cell shapes and their names?
1. Spherical -> coccus/cocci 2. Rod-shaped -> Bacillus/bacilli 3. Spiral-shaped -> spirillum (usually found alone)
29
What are the three prefixes for prokaryotes?
1. Diplo = pairs 2. Strepto = linear chains 3. Stapho = grape-like clusters
30
What are Phototrophics?
- Plants - Make food from light
31
What are Photoheterotrophs?
- Combination (consume + make food)
32
What are Chemoautotrophs?
- Use chemicals to make energy
33
What is Asexual reproduction in bacteria?
- Performed by most bacteria (thro binary fission) - Similar to mitosis - Produces clone (low genetic diversity)
34
What are the different types of sexual reproduction?
1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction
35
What is Transformation in SR?
- Bacteria picks up free-floating DNA in environment - Incorporates into own DNA
36
What is Conjugation in SR?
- "Mating bridge" -> pilus - exchange pilus (small bits of DNA not from nucleus)
37
What is pilus?
- Small bits of DNA not from nucleus
38
What is Transduction?
- DNA transferred from 1 bacterium to another (via virus)
39
What are Endospores and their function?
- A protective layer that covers DNA in times of stress - Persists heat/cold/water for many years
40
What are Protista?
- Junk drawer of organisms - 1 phylum - All eukaryotes - Evolved from prokaryotic bacteria - Variety of niches/habitats - Animal/plant/fungi like
41
What is the structure of protists?
- Mostly unicellular - Some colonial (live in groups) - Eukaryotic
42
What are the two origin stories of Protista? Describe each.
1. Inward folding of membranes - Created membrane bound organelles 2. Endosymbiosis (most likely) - Ancient unicellular prey consumed by predator - Small prokaryote ingested by larger - Not fully digested - Symbiotic relationship
43
What are the 3 Motility types, and their structure?
Pseudopodia: - amoeba creep (extended cytoplasm) - Create false feet Cilia/Flagella: - Paramecia have small hair like structures (cillia) - Ciliates have cilia - Flagellates have flagella None: - Rely on wind/water
44
What are the 3 ways Protists reproduce?
1. Sexual 2. Asexual 3. Both
45
What are the 3 classification systems in Protista?
1. Animal-like 2. Plant-like 3. Fungi-like
46
What does the classification of Animal-like look in Protista?
- Heterotrophs Endocytosis: - Engulf food -> extend cytoplasm Ex: Amoeba Ciliates: - Sweep food -> into oral groove Ex: paramecium
47
What does the classification of Plant-like look in Protista?
- Autotrophs - Have chloroplasts Ex: Algae -> multicellular
48
What does the classification of Fungi-like look in Protista?
- Heterotrophs - *Saprophytes -> feed on decaying matter Ex: slime/water mould
49
Why are Protists important? 3 reasons.
1. Provide food + oxygen to aquatic life 2. Have symbiotic relationships with other organisms 3. World's most serious diseases (malaria)
50
Describe Fungi, their functions and provide examples.
- Related to animals -> heterotrophs - Are saprophytes - Release digestive enzymes into environment (absorb nutrients) - Require oxygen (aerobic) Ex: Mushrooms, mildew, molds
51
What are Saprophytes?
- Organisms that feed off decaying matter
52
What are the four importances of Fungi? And what they mean.
1. Decomposers - Recycle materials - Break down org matter 2. Symbiotic relationship with plants - Help receive essential nutrients (80%) 3. Some are parasitic - Absorb nutrients from cells/fluids of host - Damaging it 4. Produce antibiotics - Ex: Penicillin
53
What is the Structure of Fungi?
- Mostly multicellular - Bodies made from Hyphae - Cell was contain chitin
54
What is Chitin?
- Strong flexible carbohydrate - Found in the exoskeleton of insects
55
What is Hyphae, its structure and an example?
- Tiny threads of cytoplasm - Thinner than plant roots - Subdivided by additional cell walls -> cross walls - Grow into large interwoven mat of mycelia - Found in large mushrooms in fruiting body - Above ground
56
What is a fruit body?
- Above ground extension of mycelium
57
What are cross walls and their function?
- Divide hyphae - Allow cytoplasm, nuclei, nutri to pass throughout hyphae - Keeps fungi healthy + alive
58
Describe Mycelium
- Feeds fungi - Fibrous - Maximizes surface area -> obtain most nutri - Found under the ground
59
What is Mycorrhizae?
- fungus on plant roots - Performs Mutualistic Symbiosis with PR - Receives sugars/starches from pr - Fungus extension of pr - Allows for absorption of nutri - small size -> penetration where pr cant
60
What are the two important vocab words in Reproduction and what do they mean?
Haploid: (n) - 1/2 genetics of an organism Diploid: (2n) - 2 complete copies of DNA/full amount
61
What is the process of Asexual reproduction in fungi?
1. Hyphae break off 2. Spores are released - through haploid cells 3. Favorable conditions = germination 4. Spread via wind
62
What is Meiosis?
- 2n diploid breaks into 2 seperate haploids (n)
63
What is the process of Sexual reproduction in fungi?
- Fungi have 2 sexes (+ or - ) 1. Opp haploid hyphae grow towards each other - fuse to make a zygospore/diploid - 2 sets of chromosomes ( 1 from each parent) 2. Zygospore produces haploid spores - genetically unique *some have the development stage - Creates dikaryotic hyphae (2 nuclei per cell) 3. Grows into above ground fruiting body 4. 2 nuclei fuse -> single diploid nucleus - divide via meiosis - Create haploid spores - finish cycle

Biology - 11 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions