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Nasm > Chapter 3 - Disciplines Of Functional Biomechanics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Disciplines Of Functional Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of human movement

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2
Q

Biomechanics

A

The study of how forced affects the living body

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3
Q

What is ground reaction force?

A

An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back on to the body by the ground

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4
Q

What does qualitative analysis involve?

A

Qualitative analysis involves applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observation in order to make an educated evaluation.

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5
Q

How does quantitative analysis contrast qualitative analysis?

A

Quantitative analysis involves taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion this can be seen in certain assessments, such as body composition testing.

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6
Q

What is anatomic position?

A

Anatomic position is the standard posture in which the arms of the side the trunk in the palms facing forward.

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

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9
Q

Superior

A

Closest to the head,

(above landmark)

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Located closest to the center of the body or landmark

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11
Q

Distal

A

Located farthest from the center of the body or landmark

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12
Q

Medial

A

Located toward the midline of the body

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13
Q

Midline

A

That which is contained within an imaginary line that supports the body into equal halves

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14
Q

Lateral

A

When located farthest from the midline

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15
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of the body

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16
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Body part located on the same side of the body,

(left arm and left leg).

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17
Q

Sagittal plane

A

An imaginary plane there by six the body into two equal halves producing a left and right half.

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18
Q

Frontal plane

A

an imaginary play that by six the body to Eagle has producing a front and a back half.

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19
Q

Transverse plane

A

And imaginary plane that bisects the body into two equal halves, producing a top and a bottom half.

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20
Q

Where does sagittal plane rotation happen?

A

Around a medial-lateral axis

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21
Q

What is the medial – lateral axis?

A

An imaginary straight line that cuts through the body laterally from side to side.

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22
Q

What is the Anterior – posterior axis?

A

A straight line crossing of the body from front to back

pin that is crossing the shoulder joint from front to back

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23
Q

What is the longitudinal axis?

A

An imaginary long straight line the cuts that body from top to bottom

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24
Q

What type of joint movements happen along sagittal plane and medial lateral axis?

A
  • Flexion
  • extension
  • Hyperextension
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantar flexion
  • bicep curl
  • Squat
  • calf raise
  • Running
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25
Q

What type of joint movements happened along the frontal plane and anterior – posterior axis?

A 
Joint movements:
•Abduction
•Adduction
•Eversion
•Inversion
Exercises
•Lateral arm raise
• sidestep
• Side lunge
•Side shuffle
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26
Q

What type of joint movements take place along the transverse plane and longitudinal axis?

A 
Joint movements:
•Pronation
•Supination
• internal rotation
•External rotation
•Horizontal adduction
•Horizontal abduction
Exercises:
• turning door knob
•trunk rotation
•throwing basketball
•swinging a bat
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27
Q

On the sagittal plane name the body segments reflection occurs in the anterior direction.

A
  • Hip
  • Trunk
  • Upper extremity
  • Neck
  • Ankle
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28
Q

What is range of motion

A

The amount of movement produced by one or multiple joints

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29
Q

What is flexion?

A

A bending at a joint with a relative angle between the two adjoining segment decreases

(imagine the I’m going from 180° to 45° during a bicep curl)

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30
Q

What’s an example of dorsiflexion?

A

Pointing the two upward

Anterior tibialis raise

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31
Q

Give an example of plantarflexion l.

A

Extending the toes out words like any calf raise.

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32
Q

What is an example of hip flexion?

A

Bending over

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33
Q

What is an example of hip extension?

A

The opposite of bending over, extending pass a straight line

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34
Q

Give an example of the extension

A

Straightening up the leg

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35
Q

Give example of a knee flexion

A

Hamstring curl

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36
Q

Describe trunk spinal extension

A

Arching your back backwards

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37
Q

Describe trunk spinal flexion

A

Arching your back forward, like when you hunch over

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38
Q

Explain shoulder flexion

A

Performing a front shoulder raise is an example of a shoulder flexion

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39
Q

Give an example of a shoulder extension

A

When standing up with your hands at your side and reaching back behind your hips is an example of shoulder extension.

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40
Q

Give an example of an elbow extension

A

Holding your hand straight out to receive money is an elbow extension.

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41
Q

Give an example of an elbow flexion

A

Elbows bent

Like when Holding an object in front of your face such as reading a book for checking your Instagram is an example of an elbow flexion.

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42
Q

What’s a cervical flexion?

A

Neck

Tilting your neck down like when you look at your shoes your shoes

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43
Q

What is a cervical extension?

A

Bending your neck backwards

Looking up into the sky it’s an example of cervical extension because the neck is bent backwards in the head is tilted

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44
Q

In Which body segments would flexion occur in the posterior direction?

A
  • Neck
  • ankle
  • toes
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45
Q

Extension

A

Pending a joint where the relative angle between two joining segments increase

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46
Q

What are joint actions that occur in the frontal plane?

A
  • Aduction
  • abduction
  • lateral flexion at the spine
  • eversion and inversion of foot
  • shoulder elevation and depression
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47
Q

Give an example of a foot eversion.

A

While keeping The foot point forward and Rotating the foot outward

(Imagine trying to see the outside of your shoe)

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48
Q

Give an example of a foot inversion.

A

Toes pointed forward rotating the foot inward

Tilting your foot so you can look at the arches of your foot, like sitting Indian style

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49
Q

Given example of a hip abduction.

A

Standing up and stepping out to the side

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50
Q

Give an example of a hip adduction.

A

Standing up and crossing your feet

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51
Q

Given example of the lateral flexion

A

Standing up with hands on hips and tilting your head over the left or rightside of your body.

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52
Q

Give an example of a shoulder abduction.

A

Dumbbell lateral raises

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53
Q

Give an example of a shoulder adduction.

A

Chest flies with cables toward the bottom of the chest

Basically anything that pulls your arms toward the sides of your hips

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54
Q

Shoulder elevation

A

Dumbbell shrugs

Superior movement

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55
Q

Shoulder depression

A

Dropping your shoulders down for the dumbbell shrug

Inferior movement

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56
Q

Abduction

A

A body segment is moving away from the midline of the body

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57
Q

Adduction

A

A body segment is moving toward the midline of the body

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58
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotation of a limb or body segment toward the midline of the body

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59
Q

External rotation

A

Rotation of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body

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60
Q

Where do movements in the transverse plane occur?

A

Parallel to the plane or rotate around the longitudinal axis

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61
Q

What type of movements occurred in the transverse plane of motion?

A 
Pronation and supination 
•external and internal rotation
•horizontal abduction (extension)
horizontal abduction (flexion)
• scapular retraction  
scapular protraction
•
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62
Q

Flexor

A

Muscle that produces flexion of a limb

Bicep curl

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63
Q

Extensor

A

Muscles that produce extension

Tricep ext.

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64
Q

Abductors

A

A muscle that produces abduction

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65
Q

Adductor

A

Muscle that produces adduction of a limb

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66
Q

Pro actors

A

Muscles that produce pronation

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67
Q

Supinators

A

Muscles that produce supination of a limb

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68
Q

Prone

A

Laying face down

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69
Q

Supine

A

Lying on back

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70
Q

Triple flexion

A

Multi joint exercise that causes flexion at:

  • ankle
  • knee
  • hip
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71
Q

Triple extension

A

Opposite of flexion

Causes extension of the
•knee
•ankle
•hip

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72
Q

Static posture

A

Starting point from which an individual moves

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73
Q

Multi planar

A

Occurring in more than one plane of motion

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74
Q

How do you make a multi joint exercise into a multi planor exercise?

A

Add rotation

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75
Q

Table 3.3

What plane of motion is a lateral lunge?

Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
Multi planar

A

Frontal plane

Remember a plane is 2 dimensional

76
Q

Reverse lunge occurs on what plane?

A

Sagittal plane

The motion stays consistent on the sagittal plane

77
Q

What criteria determines an exercises name?

A
  • plane of motion
  • body position
  • type of resistance training modality used
  • joint action
  • primary muscle targeted
78
Q

Table 3.4

Body positions

A 
Supine
Prone
Quadruped (quadruped leg raise)
Kneeling 
Standing 
Single leg
Staggered stance 
2 arm
Alternating arm
Single arm
79
Q

Table 3.5

Resistance modality exercise also

A 
Modality:
Stability ball (wall ball)
Machine ( leg press)
Machine pad (single leg balance on pad)
Balance disk ( single leg lifts)
Suspension (Suspension push ups)
Cable ( cable rows)
Tubing or band ( tube walk)
Barbell ( barbell squat)
Dumbbell ( 2 arm press)
* uses the name of modality*
80
Q

Table 3.6

What type of joint action is a squat?

A

Joint action

Medicine ball squats (flexion)

81
Q

Joint action exercises

A

(Abduction ) prone ISO and w/ hip abduction

(Adduction) standing adductor stretch

(Rotation) single leg hip rotation

82
Q

What are the 3 major types of muscle activations?

A

Concentric - shortening
Eccentric - (negative) lengthening
Isometric - (static) hold,

83
Q

What is Active force ?

A

Muscle generated tension

84
Q

Isometric activation

A

active force but no lengthening/ shortening of the muscle

85
Q

Eccentric Activation

A

Active force + muscle lengthening

86
Q

Concentric activation

A

Active force + muscle shortening

87
Q

Isolated function

A

Refers to a muscle primary function

Intended movement

Action at a joint when a muscle is concentrically activated to produce acceleration of a body segment

88
Q

Eccentric function

A

Action of a muscle when it is generating an eccentric contraction

Decelerates action and reduces speed

89
Q

Integrated function

A

The coordination of muscles to produce reduce and stabilize force in multiple planes

90
Q

Kinetics

A

Biomechanics term that involves the study of forces

91
Q

Force

A

A push or pull that can create a change in movement or they stop of movement

F= Ma

92
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in an object

93
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate at which an object is increasing in speed

94
Q

weight

A

The amount of force the gravity has on the body

95
Q

Gravity

A

A force that accelerates an object or mass downward towards the center of the earth

96
Q

Lever

A

I love her is a relatively Richard rod that rotates around the fulcrum

97
Q

Torque

A

The rotary or rotation of the fact that force has around an axis

98
Q

Tempo

A

The amount of time that muscle is actively producing tension during exercise movements

99
Q

Repetition tempo

A

The speed at which each repetition is performed

100
Q

Tempo notation

3 digits

A

4:2:1

4: eccentric
2: pause
1: concentric

101
Q

Line of pull

A

The direction in which a muscle is pulled

102
Q

Parallel muscle

A

Muscle fibers that are oriented parallel to the muscles longitudinal axis

103
Q

Pennate muscle

A

Muscle fibers that are oriented at an angle to the muscles longitudinal axis

104
Q

Origin

A

Stationary attachment site were skeletal muscle attaches and begins

105
Q

Insertion

A

The relatively mobile attachment site

106
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissue’s that attaches muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

107
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A white tendoinious sheet that attaches muscle to bone

108
Q

Extensor

A

A muscle that extends

109
Q

Flexor

A

A muscle that flexes

110
Q

Levator

A

Muscle that elevates

111
Q

Depressor

A

Muscle that lowers/depresses

112
Q

Abductor

A

Muscle that pulls bone away from midline

113
Q

Adductor

A

Muscle that pulls bone toward midline

114
Q

Pronator

A

Muscle that pronates; downward rotation of the palm

115
Q

Supinator

A

Muscle that separates; upward rotation of the palm

116
Q

Oblique

A

Diagonal; internal oblique

117
Q

Rect-

A

Straight; parallel (rectus abdominis)

118
Q

Transverse

A

Perpendicular; across

Transversus abdominis

119
Q

Muscle belly

A

The middle region in between the origin and insertion

120
Q

Abdominis

A

Abdomen (rectus abdominis)

121
Q

Brachi-

A

Upper arm;

biceps brachii; brachialis

122
Q

Digiti

A

Finger or toe (singular)

Extensor digiti minimi

123
Q

Femoris

A

Over the femur; thigh region

Bicep femoris

124
Q

Gluteus

A

Butt
Glutes
Gluteus Maximus

125
Q

Intercoastal

A

Between ribs (external intercoastal)

126
Q

Lumborum

A

Lower back

Quadratic lumborum

127
Q

Pectoralis

A

Chest

128
Q

Peroneus

A

Fibula

Peroneous longus

129
Q

Scapulae

A

On top the scapula or shoulder

Levator scapulae

130
Q

Superficialis

A

Superficial

flexor digiti run superficialis

131
Q

Supra

A

Above

Supraspinatus

132
Q

Infra

A

Inferior

infrastructure spinatus

133
Q

Maximus

A

Large

gluteus maximus

134
Q

Medius

A

Medium; intermediate

Gluteus medius

135
Q

Minimus

A

Small (gluteus minimus)

136
Q

Brevis

A

Short

Fibularis breviary

137
Q

Longus

A

Long

fibularis longus

138
Q

Vastus

A

Huge

vastus lateralis

139
Q

Latissimus

A

Widest; very broad (

latissimus dorsi)

140
Q

Major

A

Large (pectoralis major)

141
Q

Minor

A

Small (pectoralis minor)

142
Q

Magnus

A

Large; adductor Magnus

143
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Large belly of the leg

144
Q

Deltoid

A

Triangular

145
Q

Gracilis

A

Slender

146
Q

Obicularis

A

Circular

147
Q

Serratus

A

Jagged

148
Q

Rhomboid

A

Diamond shaped

149
Q

Teres

A

Cylindrical

150
Q

Trapezius

A

Trapezoidal; middle trapezius

151
Q

Malalignment

A

The incorrect or in proper alignment of the joints in the body without movement

152
Q

Over active

A

Referring to a state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be more active during a joint action

153
Q

Underactive

A

Referring to the state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be relatively less active during a joint action

154
Q

Extrinsic

A

Located from outside yet act on a stretcher being considered

155
Q

Intrinsic

A

Located from within and acting directly on a structure being considered

156
Q

Common overactive muscles

A
  • soleus
  • lateral gastrocnemius
  • peroneus longus and brevis (peroneals)
157
Q

Comment under active muscles

A
  • Medial Gastrocnemius
  • anterior tibialis
  • posterior tibialis
158
Q

Common over active muscles of the knee

A
  • Bicep femoris ( short head)

* Tensor fascia latae (TFL)

159
Q

Comment under active muscles of the knee

A

Vastus medialis oblique (VMO)

Inner thighs

160
Q

Common overactive muscles of the LPHC

A

Hip flexors
Adductors
Abdominals
Erector spinae

161
Q

Comment under active muscles of the LHPC (hip area)

A 
Gluteus Maximus 
Gluteus medius
Hamstrings
Intrinsic core stabilizers
Erector spinae
162
Q

Intrinsic core stabilizers

A

Deep in your muscles behind the superficial abdominals that have a direct effect on stabilizing the Limbo pelvic hip complex

163
Q

Common overactive muscles of the shoulder

A

Latissimus dorsi

Pectoralis major/minor

164
Q

Common under active muscles of the shoulder

A

Middle and lower trapezius
Rhomboids
Rotator cuff

165
Q

Retraction

A

Adduction of the shoulder blades where the shoulder blades move toward the spine

166
Q

What for muscles are in the rotator cuff

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

167
Q

Common overactive muscles of the head and neck

A

Upper traps
Sternocleidomastoid
Lavatory scapulae

168
Q

Common underactive muscles of the head and neck

A

Deep cervical flexors

169
Q

Shoulder impingement

A

In the space between the bone on top of the shoulder acromion and attendance of the rotator cuff rub against each other during arm elevation

170
Q

Pronation of the foot

A

A combination of dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction.

171
Q

Supination of the foot

A

A combination of plantar flexion, inversion and adduction.

172
Q

What does the anterior tibialis concentrically accelerate?

A

Dorsiflexion; inversion

173
Q

What does the anterior tibialis eccentrically accelerate?

A

Plantar flexion and eversion

174
Q

What does the posterior tibialis concentrically accelerate?

A

Plantar flexion; inversion

175
Q

Posterior tibialis eccentrically accelerates…

A

…Doris flexion; eversion

176
Q

The soleus concentrically accelerates…

A

…plantar flexion

177
Q

What’s does the Soleus eccentrically decelerate?

A

Dorsiflexion

178
Q

What does the gastrocnemius concentrically accelerate?

A

Plantar flexion

179
Q

Gastrocnemius eccentrically decelerates…

A

…dorsiflexion

180
Q

The peroneus longus concentrically accelerates

A

…plantar flexion; eversion

181
Q

The peroneus longus eccentrically decelerates…

A

Dorsiflexion; inversion

182
Q

Flexibility

A

Extensibility of soft tissue which allows a joint to be moved through its full range of motion

183
Q

Corrective exercise

A

Corrective strategy to correct neuromuscular dysfunction as part of an exercise program

184
Q

Neuromuscular efficiency

A

When “agonist, antagonist and stabilizers” work together in all 3 planes of motion

185
Q

Relative flexibility

A

Human movement in re path of least resistance during movement

Nasm (5 decks)

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