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BIO 135 > Chapter 3- Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sub cellular components (e.g. mitochondria, nucleus…)

A

Organelles

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2
Q

The “factory” where proteins are made. They can be found free in the cytosol or on
the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Ribosomes

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3
Q

Contains the DNA, which determines our genetic inheritance. DNA provides the
“recipe” for the proteins made by the body.

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

The place where the vast majority of energy is produced from the breakdown of
carbohydrate, protein and fat (triglyceride). They are the powerhouses of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

A membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the exterior environment. The membrane has a lipid interior with proteins embedded in it. Many of these proteins assist in transporting substances into and out of the cell. A membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the exterior environment. The membrane has a lipid interior with proteins embedded in it. Many of these proteins assist in transporting substances into and out of the cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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6
Q

Groups of related tissues (e.g. liver, kidney…)

A

Organs

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7
Q

Excretes water and wastes from the body (in the form of urine).

A

Kidney

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8
Q

Pumps blood to the rest of the body.

A

Heart

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9
Q

Produces bile for emulsification of fat, convert compounds as needed to meet
the bodies need. (i.e. convert toxic compounds like alcohol to less toxic compounds or
convert excess carbohydrate to fat).

A

Liver

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10
Q

Brings in oxygen and rid the body of carbon dioxide (via breathing in and out).

A

Lungs

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11
Q

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum; Mechanical: circular muscles contract and longitudinal muscles move food through the tube (called peristalsis). Chemical: WHERE MOST OF THE NUTRIENTS ARE ABSORBED INTO THE BODY; Bicarbonate is released from the pancreas to decrease acidity (increase pH); Enzymes from small intestinal tract cells and from pancreas continue to break down nutrients into smaller compounds; Bile released from liver (stored in gallbladder) emulsifies fat.

A

Small Intestine

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12
Q

Coecum, colon, rectum; Mechanical: continued muscular contraction. Chemical: much of the remaining water and a few nutrients are absorbed.

A

Large Intestine

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13
Q

All the organs and structures along the path that help the digestive system do its job.

A

Accessory Organs

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14
Q

Consists of the chewing of the food in the mouth, the muscular contractions that break up the food (segmentation) and that push the food along through the tube (peristalsis) and the sphincters (valves) that either hold the food in a certain compartment (i.e. stomach) or allow it to move to the next portion of the tube.

A

Mechanical Digestion

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15
Q

Breaking down macromolecules into their components; involves the following substances: saliva, hydrochloric acid, bile, bicarbonate, enzymes from several sources.

A

Chemical Digestion

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16
Q

Specified catalytic proteins that function in the body as “scissors” or “staples”.

A

Enzyme

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17
Q

A mixture of water, mucus, hydrochloric acid, and an inactive enzyme called pepsinogen. HA is secreted as part of gastric juice to uncoil (denature) proteins.

A

Gastric Juice

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18
Q

Presence of food stimulates the flow of saliva from this; located internally at the sides of the face and immediately below and in front of the ears.

A

Salivary Glands

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19
Q

Secretes enzymes for digestion and hormones for internal body functions (i.e. blood sugar regulation).

A

Pancreas

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20
Q

Lubricates, begins the enzymatic digestion of starch, cleanses mouth and protects teeth from decay.

A

Saliva

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21
Q

Emulsifies, or mixes, fat and water.

A

Bile

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22
Q

Increases the pH of the acidic juice in the stomach once it reaches the small intestine.

A

Bicarbonate

23
Q

Stores and concentrates bile for digestion of fats.

A

Gallbladder

24
Q

Microscopic folds in the cell
membranes of the individual cells lining the mucosa of the small intestine; located on the ends of the cells that are directly exposed to food passing through the intestinal lumen.

A

Microvilli

25
Q

Sphincters or valves work in conjunction with peristaltic contractions to control the flow of
food/chyme from one part of the GI Tract to another. They will open and close as needed.

A

Sphincter

26
Q

In the esophagus, the bolus of food is moved along by rhythmic contractions of these smooth muscles. Produced a narrowing in the lumen. Powerful contractile wave movements.

A

Peristalsis

27
Q

The mixing of chyme with digestive secretions aided by rhythmic local contractions; enhances absorption by repeatedly moving chyme over intestinal mucosa surface; in the small intestine.

A

Segmentation

28
Q

pH measures the amount of hydrogen (H+) or hydroxyl (OH-) ions in a substance. If a substance has more hydrogen ions, it will be acidic, and if a substance has more hydroxyl ions, it will be basic. pH ranges from 0-14. A pH of 7 is neutral, a pH over 7 is basic, and a pH below 7 is acidic.

A

pH

29
Q

The inside of the tube that the GI tract organs form. Has not been absorbed, so it is not technically inside the body.

A

Lumen

30
Q

A chemical that is released from one part of the body and travels to another part of the body to trigger a certain response.

A

Hormone

31
Q

Substances move from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration by diffusing through the membrane. When something moves from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration, we say it moves with the concentration gradient. In this case, no energy or carrier is needed.

A

Passive Diffusion

32
Q

Substances move from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration with the help of a carrier compound. No energy is expended.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

33
Q

Substances move from an area of lower concentration to a higher concentration. When something moves from an area of lower concentration to a higher concentration, we say it moves against the concentration gradient. In this case, energy (ATP) is needed.

A

Active Transport

34
Q

The ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles.

A

Endocytosis

35
Q

In the stomach, bolus is mashed and mixed with highly acidic stomach secretions to form this semiliquid food mass.

A

Chyme

36
Q

A valve-like flap of tissue which ensures that the bolus of the food passes to the stomach and not the lungs.

A

Epiglottis

37
Q

The hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). The pharynx is about 5 inches long, depending on body size. Also called throat.

A

Pharynx

38
Q

Relating to the liver(?).

A

Hepatic

39
Q

The process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. During this process, calories in food and drinks mix with oxygen to make the energy the body needs.

A

Metabolism

40
Q

Starts off with simple molecules and create more complex ones. If we have absorbed more than enough nutrients to meet our immediate energy needs, we can store the glucose as glycogen and/or triglyceride and the fatty acids as part of triglyceride. This building of storage compounds is an example of an anabolic reaction since this involves making larger compounds from smaller molecules. Building new muscle tissue from amino acids (derived from the breakdown of dietary protein) is also an anabolic reaction. When we build new compounds, we need to use the high energy compound called ATP that we produced during catabolism.

A

Anabolism

41
Q

Starts off with complex molecules and breaks them down into more simple molecules. When we break down glucose, fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids for energy, we create a compound called acetyl CoA, which is further processed in the mitochondria of the cell to produce the high energy compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

Catabolism

42
Q

Derived from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid catabolism. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate.

A

Acetyl COA

43
Q

The gasoline that our body uses to move and function. We produce this energy.

A

ATP

44
Q

The large intestine also contains the largest number of microorganisms (also known as the intestinal microbiota) that are important to gastrointestinal and overall health. These organisms, while feeding on components of our dietary intake can also produce beneficial compounds for our use. They are able to digest some of the carbohydrates that we can’t break down, for example, and as a by-product of their metabolism produce short chain fatty acids that help maintain proper gut health.

A

Intestinal Microbiota

45
Q

The primary constituents of matter

A

Atoms

46
Q

Elements bonded to each other.

A

Molecules or Compounds

47
Q

Smallest unit of life. Made of fluid, organelles, and a cell membrane, which allows the cell to control its internal environment.

A

Cells

48
Q

Groups of related cells.

A

Tissues

49
Q

e.g. cardiovascular system, digestive system…

A

Organ Systems

50
Q

A hollow 30 ft tube that runs from the mouth, where food enters, to the anus, where waste from that food leaved the body. Also called: G.I. tract, gut, digestive tract, intestinal tract, and alimentary canal.

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

51
Q

 Upper esophageal sphincter (at top of the esophagus)
 Gastroesophageal (or lower esophageal) sphincter (between esophagus and stomach)
 pyloric sphincter (between stomach and small intestines)
 Ileocecal sphincter or valve (between the small and large intestines)
 anal sphincter (at the end of the large intestines – there are two muscles that make up
this sphincter)

A

5 Key Sphincters in the GI Tract

52
Q

Substances moving from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration with the help of a carrier compound. No energy is expended

A

Facilitated Diffusion

53
Q

A specific type of diffusion where water (rather than dissolved substances such as nutrients, etc.) flows through the cell membrane via channels. It flows from an area of lower (lesser) concentration of dissolved substances to an area of higher (greater) concentration of dissolved substances.

A

Osmosis

BIO 135 (3 decks)

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