CHAPTER 3: CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

Question 1

What is correlation analysis?

Answer 1

Relationship or Association of two variables

Question 2

What is bivariate analysis?

Answer 2

To see the difference of the two scores of a person

Question 3

What are the two ways to see the result of correlational analysis?

Answer 3

Scatter diagram and regression analysis

Question 4

What is scatter diagram?

Answer 4

It is a way to see the relationship of two variables in a picture

Question 5

What is regression analysis?

Answer 5

It is the analysis that a change of one variable (y) can predicts another variable (X)
Linear equation

Question 6

What are two ways to get the equation of regression?

Answer 6

Intercept and slope

Question 7

What is intercept?

Answer 7

The value is given to y when X is zero

Question 8

What is slope?

Answer 8

The degree of relatedness of two variables

Question 9

What is the value of intercept?

Answer 9

0 or zero

Question 10

What will you do if the value of intercept is zero?

Answer 10

Use z scores to standardized units

Question 11

What is the result of correlation analysis?

Answer 11

Correlation coefficient (r) 
It assess the magnitude and direction of relationship

Question 12

What are the three interpretation of correlation?

Answer 12

Positive, Negative and No correlation

Question 13

It is the influence of external that could be a reason of the relationship of two variables

Answer 13

Third variable

Question 14

How to determine the strength of correlational relationship?

Answer 14

1. Coefficient of Determination

2. Coefficient of Alienation or Non-determination

Question 15

What is coefficient of determination?

Answer 15

% of variation of one variable to another variable

Question 16

What is coefficient of alienation?

Answer 16

% of variation of unknown information of one variable to another variable

Question 17

It is the best-fitting line and principle of least squares

Answer 17

Regression line or trend line

Question 18

Regression line is describe by ___?

Answer 18

Regression equation

Question 19

What is the formula of regression equation?

Answer 19

Y = a + bX

Question 20

It is the ratio of variance to covariance

Answer 20

Regression coefficient (b)

Question 21

It is the slope of regression line

Answer 21

Regression coefficient (b)

Question 22

It is the sum of squared deviation around the mean

Answer 22

Sum of squares

Question 23

It is the relationship of two random variables and how the scores vary

Answer 23

Covariance

Question 24

It is the difference of the predicted value (Y) from the regression equation and observed value (X) or the vertical distance of the two

Answer 24

Residuals

Question 25

It is the SD of regression obtained from regression equation

Answer 25

Standard error of Estimate

Question 26

What is the mutlivariate analysis?

Answer 26

It studies 2 or more variables

Question 27

What are the three methods of mutivariate?

Answer 27

Multiple regression, Discriminant analysis and Factor analysis

Question 28

What is multiple regression?

Answer 28

It is one criterion versus 2 or more predictor variables

Question 29

What is discriminant analysis?

Answer 29

It is one categorical criterion vs 2 or more predictors

Question 30

What is factor analysis?

Answer 30

Reducing the larger set of variables into smaller set of variables Interrelationship of two set of variables without a reference of criterion

Question 31

Who is the founder of regression?

Answer 31

Francis Galton

Question 32

He is continue to study the regression to create a new statistical method

Answer 32

Karl Pearson

Question 33

It a measurement of strength (magnitude) and direction of the relationship of two variables

Answer 33

Pearson correlation coefficient or correlation coefficient

Question 34

What is positive correlation?

Answer 34

Both variable increases

Question 35

What is negative correlation?

Answer 35

One variable increase, One variable decreases

Question 36

What is no correlation?

Answer 36

Variables has no relationship | One variable increase nor one variable decreases

Question 37

It refers to the number of independent observations in a set of data.

Answer 37

Degrees of Freedom (Df)

Question 38

It used to estimate population parameters when the sample size is small and/or when the population variance is unknown.

Answer 38

T - Distribution or Student's T - Distribution

Question 39

T distribution is determined by ___>

Answer 39

Degrees of Freedom (Df)

Question 40

In regression analysis, It is data point that diverges greatly from the overall pattern of data is called ____

Answer 40

Outlier

Question 41

It refers to the distributions of data that have many more observations on one side of the graph than the other.

Answer 41

Skewness

Question 42

Distributions with one clear peak are called ___

Answer 42

Unimodal

Question 43

Distributions with two clear peak are called ___

Answer 43

Bimodal

Question 44

It is an attribute used to describe the shape of a data distribution. What are the two kinds?

Answer 44

Symmetry | Symmetrical and asymmetrical

Question 45

It is a categorical variables with two categories or levels. Example is head or tails

Answer 45

Dichotomy variables

Question 46

It is a sub-type of dichotomous variable The variables assigned either a 0 or a 1. For example Male (0) and female (1).

Answer 46

Binary variable

Question 47

He was the first person to measure correlation, originally termed “co-relation,”

Answer 47

Francis Galton

Question 48

He used “Coefficient of Correlation” in his two papers.

Answer 48

Karl Pearson

Question 49

A special case of Pearson correlation coeffient which measures the continuous/ true and discrete/artificial variable

Answer 49

Biserial Correlation

Question 50

Dead or alive is example of ___ dichotomy variable | passed or failed is example of ___ dichotomy variable

Answer 50

discrete/ true | continous/artificial variable

Question 51

A special case of Pearson correlation coeffient between two dichotmous variables

Answer 51

Phi coefficient

Question 52

It measure rater agreement for binary data. A binary data is data with two possible answers—usually right or wrong. This tells you how strong (or weak) the association is between ratings for two raters.

Answer 52

tetrachoric coefficient

Question 53

It is the relationship of each variable to the underlying factor

Answer 53

Factor loading

Question 54

It is transformation method used to rotate the axes created by factors

Answer 54

Methods of rotation

Question 55

- It remove the unit of measurement of predictor and outcome variables. They are sometimes called betas. - They serve as standardized effect size statistics. - They allow you to compare the relative effects of predictors measured on different scales.

Answer 55

Standardized Regression Coefficients (B's)

Question 56

How to make a standardized Regression Coefficients? (B's)

Answer 56

Convert the units into Z scores

Question 57

It is unstandarized coeffiecients which describes the relationship between the predictor and dependent variable in terms of original or raw units of measurement.

Answer 57

Raw regression coefficients (b's)

Question 58

How to make a Raw Regression Coefficients? (B's)

Answer 58

Do not make z scores

Question 59

He got the factors of trust

Answer 59

Rotter

Question 60

What are three factors of trust?

Answer 60

Institutional trust, Sincerity Trust, and Caution Trust

Question 61

.70+

Answer 61

very strong correlation

Question 62

.40 - .69

Answer 62

Strong correlation

Question 63

.30 - . 39

Answer 63

Moderate correlation

Question 64

.20 - . 29

Answer 64

Weak correlation

Question 65

.01 - .19

Answer 65

no or neglible correlation

Question 66

0

Answer 66

Zero correlation