Chapter 3- Consciousness, sleep

Question 1

Meaning of consciousness

Answer 1

At a basic level, consciousness means awareness. There are several kinds of awareness.

Question 2

Hallucinations fall into what

Answer 2

NREM 1

Question 3

Psychologists considered the study of consciousness important:

Answer 3

the beginning of the discipline’s history, as well as since about 1960.

Question 4

Sleep deprivation may encourage the development of obesity because it _____ levels of the hormone cortisol and _____ the body’s metabolism.

Answer 4

increases; decreases

Question 5

Dual Processing

Answer 5

is the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Question 6

A researcher develops a self-report questionnaire assessing “morningness.” High scores indicate the tendency toward being a lark, or morning person, whereas low scores indicate the tendency toward being a night owl. Based on the textbook’s discussion, the researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of openness and a _____ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of conscientiousness.

Answer 6

Negative: positive

Question 7

Chuck is a middle-aged, overweight man who snores loudly and feels very sleepy during the day. Chuck may be suffering from:

Answer 7

sleeping apnea

Question 8

consciousness

Answer 8

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 9

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 9

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Question 10

selective attention

Answer 10

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Question 11

inattentional blindness

Answer 11

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Question 12

Parallel processing

Answer 12

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once.

Question 13

Blindsight

Answer 13

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

Question 14

Sequential processing

Answer 14

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems.

Question 15

The unusual convergence of several space-time anomalies lands Wundt, James, Watson, and Skinner at the May 2018 conference of the Association for Psychological Science in San Francisco, California. Noticing the current emphasis on consciousness in psychology, _____ would be _____.

Answer 15

Wundt; gratified

[ Watson and Skinner were behaviorists]

Question 16

Sleep REM

Answer 16

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Question 17

Attention

Answer 17

is the capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts and sensations.

Question 18

Esther dreams that she is flying. Her psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse. According to Freud’s wish-satisfaction theory of dreaming:

Answer 18

flying is the manifest content.

Question 19

Consciousness is considered an important topic of study by _____ perspective _____ perspective.

Answer 19

psychologists of the cognitive; but not by those of the behaviorist

Question 20

Julie had a dream that her mother was angry at her for some unknown reason. Sigmund Freud might suggest that the dream actually means that she is envious of her mother and that the superficial meaning of the dream was just a cover for the _____ content, or underlying meaning.

Answer 20

latent

Question 21

Dr. Maida examines the brain activity that accompanies mathematical problem solving. Dr. Maida is BEST described as a(n):

Answer 21

cognitive neuroscientist

Question 22

The sleep-wake cycle provides an example of:

Answer 22

a circadian rhythm.

Question 23

Which psychoactive drug produces a quick and very powerful rush of euphoria?

Answer 23

cocaine

Question 24

The genes associated with alcohol use disorder and tobacco dependence appear to produce deficiencies in the brain pathways associated with the neurotransmitter:

Answer 24

dopamine

Question 25

While surfing in Hawaii, Marcus was thrown by a huge wave that caused his surfboard to hit his head, causing him to temporarily lose consciousness and almost drown. After being revived by a fellow surfer, Marcus reported seeing a light in a tunnel that he felt impelled to enter. This experience can be explained as being caused by:

Answer 25

Oxygen deprivation to the brain

Question 26

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it:

Answer 26

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions.

Question 27

The elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer

Answer 27

Manifest content

Question 28

The perception of vivid geometric images and dream-like scenes is most likely to be triggered by:

Answer 28

LSD