Chapter 3: Conciousness

Question 1

What is Consciousness?

Answer 1

Our awareness of our selves and our environment

Question 2

What is cognitive neuroscience

Answer 2

It’s the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity likens with cognition, thinking, memory, and language

Question 3

What word describes “the focusing of consciousness awareness on a particular stimulus”?

Answer 3

Selective Attention

Question 4

Describe Inattentional blindness

Answer 4

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Question 5

Change blindness is…

Answer 5

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Question 6

Define dual processing

Answer 6

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Question 7

What is blindsight

Answer 7

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing

Question 8

Define parallel processing

Answer 8

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously:the brain’s natural mode of information processing many functions

Question 9

What is sleep?

Answer 9

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness

Question 10

What does circadian rhythm do?

Answer 10

Regulates bodily rhythms that occur on 24-hour cycle

Question 11

Describe REM sleep

Answer 11

Rapid eye movement sleep which is he stage where dreams occur

Question 12

How many stages of sleep are there?

Answer 12

NREM 1

NREM 2

NREM 3

NREM 4

Question 13

What is NREM 1

Answer 13

The slowing of breathing and irregular brain waves.

One can also experience hallucinations: “sensation of falling”

Question 14

What is NREM 2

Answer 14

It’s when one is clearly asleep but can be awakened easily occurs with rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity

(About 20 minutes)

Question 15

What is NREM 3?

Answer 15

This is considered deep sleep. Brain activity shows slow large waves. It’s hard to be awaken from this state of sleep

Question 16

Final step of the sleep cycle?

Answer 16

REM

Question 17

Why do we need sleep?

Answer 17

1. Protection
2. Recuperation
3. Restoration and Rebuilding of fading memories
4. Feeds creative thinking
5. Supports growth

Question 18

Effects of sleep loss

Answer 18

• Depression
• Function below peak
• Gain Weight
• suppresses immune system
• slows reactions
• increased errors on visual attention

Question 19

What are different type of sleeping disorders? What do they do?

Answer 19

• Insomnia- problems falling asleep/ staying asleep
• Narcolepsy- sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness
• Sleep Apnea- stop breathing while asleep
• Night Terrors: high arousal and appearance of being terrified ( occurs during NREM 3)
• Sleep Talking/Walking: childhood disorders

Question 20

Describe REM Dreams?

Answer 20

vivid, emotional, & bizarre

Question 21

Why do people dream?

Answer 21

• satisfy own wishes
• to file away memories
• develop & preserve neural pathways
• make sense of neural static
• reflect cognitive development

Question 22

What was Freud’s dream theory?

Answer 22

• Dreams preserve sleep & provide
• expression of unacceptable feelings
• contain remembered content
• contain hidden message

Question 23

Dream Theory: Information Processing

Answer 23

Sort out day’s events & consolidate memories

Question 24

Dream Theories: Physiological Function:

Answer 24

• brain stimulation from REM sleep

* help develop & preserve neural pathways

Question 25

Dream Theories: Neural Activation

Answer 25

Visual memories evokes by REM Neural activity

Question 26

Dream Theories: Cognitive Development

Answer 26

• stimulate our lives

* reflect level of cognitive development

Question 27

Describe psychoactive drug

Answer 27

Chemical substance that alters perceptions & moods

Question 28

What is Substance use disorder?

Answer 28

Continued substance craving & use despite significant life disruption

Question 29

When is a drug use a disorder?

Answer 29

• Diminished control of substance
• diminishes social functioning
• hazardous use
• drug Action

Question 30

What are the three categories of psychoactive drugs?

Answer 30

1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Hallucinogens

Question 31

What are depressants, and what are their effect?

Answer 31

• drugs that reduce neural activity
• act as disinhibitor
• slow body functions

Question 32

Name some examples of depressants

Answer 32

• Alcohol- increases harmful tendencies
• Opiates- pupils constrict, breathing slows, pleasure replacing pain & anxiety
• Barbiturates- tranquilizers

Question 33

What are stimulants, and their effects?

Answer 33

•Excites neural activity & speeds up bodily functions

• pupils dilate
• heart & breathing rates increase
• blood sugar levels rise
• Energy rises

Question 34

Examples of Stimulants

Answer 34

• caffeine
• nicotine
• cocaine

Question 35

Disordered Drug Use: Social Cultural Influences

Answer 35

• difficult environment
• cultural acceptance of drug use
• negative peer influence

Question 36

Disordered Drug Use: Biological Influences

Answer 36

• genetic predispositions

* variations in neurotransmitter systems

Question 37

Disordered Drug Use: Psychological Influences

Answer 37

• lacking sense of purpose
• significant stress
• psychological disorders