Chapter 3 - Cog. Architectures Flashcards
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Turing machine?
a. With an infinite set of 1’s and 0’s, and a finite set of computations, the machine has an infinite cognitive capacity.
b. With a finite set of nodes, and a finite set of connections, the machine has an infinite neural network capacity.
c. With a finite set of arithmetic computations, and a finite set of symbolic cognitive processes, the machine has an infinite cognitive capacity.
d. With a finite set of rules, and a finite set of representations, the machine has an infinite capacity of computations.
d. With a finite set of rules, and a finite set of representations, the machine has an infinite capacity of computations.
What is the underlying nature of connectionist architectures?
a. The activation of excitatory and inhibitory symbols in a network of nodes.
b. The processing of feed-forward and feed-backwards symbols in a network of nodes.
c. The co-activation of 0’s and 1’s in a neural network.
d. The co-activation of nodes carrying different weights in a network.
d. The co-activation of nodes carrying different weights in a network.
What are the main characteristics of symbolic cognitive architectures over connectionist architectures?
a. Connectionist architectures can account for the systematicity but not productivity of the human mind, whereas symbolic architectures can account for the productivity but not systematicity of the human mind.
b. Connectionist architectures can account for the systematicity and productivity of the human mind, whereas symbolic architectures cannot account for these two characteristics.
c. Symbolic cognitive architectures can account for the systematicity and productivity of the human mind, whereas connectionist architectures cannot account for these two characteristics.
d. Symbolic architectures can account for the productivity and systematicity of the human mind, whereas connectionist architectures can only account for the systematicity of the human mind.
c. Symbolic cognitive architectures can account for the systematicity and productivity of the human mind, whereas connectionist architectures cannot account for these two characteristics.
When it comes to the physical and functional workings of the brain, cognitive science has adopted many metaphors to define their terms or areas of inquiry. The following metaphorical terms are in reference to what concepts in cognitive science?
(a) Cognitive architecture; (b) software; (c) hardware; (d) hardwire.
a. (a) Cognitive architecture = the neuronal mapping of the mind; (b) software = the rules and representations underlying the workings of the mind; (c) hardware = the neural network of nodes and symbols; (d) hardwire = the synapses of the human mind.
b. (a) Cognitive architecture = the blueprint of the mind; (b) software = the rules and representations underlying the workings of the mind; (c) hardware = the physical implementation of the mind; (d) hardwire = the neurons of the human mind.
c. (a) Cognitive architecture = the 0’s and 1’s of the human mind; (b) software = the symbolic algorithmic functions underlying the workings of the mind; (c) hardware = the nuts and bolts of the Turing machine; (d) hardwire = the nodes in the neural network.
d. (a) Cognitive architecture = the rules and representations underlying the workings of the mind; (b) software = the blueprint of the mind ; (c) hardware = the physical implementation of the mind; (d) hardwire = the neurons of the human mind.
b. (a) Cognitive architecture = the blueprint of the mind; (b) software = the rules and representations underlying the workings of the mind; (c) hardware = the physical implementation of the mind; (d) hardwire = the neurons of the human mind.
Which methods would one use to have the best (1) temporal resolution; (2) spatial resolution; (3) temporal and spatial resolution ?
a. (1) Event-related potentials; (2) magnetoencephalography; (3) multi-cell recordings.
b. (1) Event-related potentials; (2) functional magnetic resonance imaging; (3) magnetoencephalography.
c. (1) Single-cell recordings; (2) functional magnetic resonance imaging; (3) positron emission tomography (PET).
d. (1) Single-cell recordings; (2) lesions, syndromes, and dissociations; (3) functional magnetic resonance imaging.
b. (1) Event-related potentials; (2) functional magnetic resonance imaging; (3) magnetoencephalography.
Gall was one of the first the have elaborated speculations on the localization of functions - his insights (in modern terms) could be taken to explain
a. The neuronal implementation of visual and perceptual processes as the movement of nerves
b. The modularity of mental functions
c. The informal reporting of the first aphasia case
d. The interdependence of cognitive functions
b. The modularity of mental functions
Which of the following scenarios represents a case of a double-dissociation?
a. Patient A, who suffered a lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus, is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of living-things (e.g., animals), but is unimpaired when it comes to naming pictures of non-living things (e.g., furniture). Patient B, who suffered a lesion in the left temporal lobe, is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of non-living things (e.g., furniture), but is unimpaired when it comes to naming pictures of living-things (e.g., animals).
b. Patient A, who suffered a lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus, is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of famous buildings (e.g., the Eiffel tower), but is unimpaired when it comes to naming pictures of famous people (e.g., Jennifer Aniston). Patient B, who suffered a lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus, is also impaired when it comes to naming pictures of famous buildings (e.g., the Eiffel tower), and is unimpaired when it comes to naming pictures of famous people (e.g., Jennifer Aniston)
c. Patient A, who suffered a lesion in the left frontal lobe, is impaired when it comes to producing language (e.g., speaking nouns and verbs), but is unimpaired when it comes to understanding language (e.g., understanding words in a sentence). Patient B, who suffered a lesion in the right frontal lobe, is also impaired when it comes to producing language (e.g., speaking nouns and verbs), but is also unimpaired when it comes to understanding language (e.g., understanding words in a sentence).
d. Patient A, who suffered a lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus, is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of famous buildings (e.g., the Eiffel tower), but is unimpaired when it comes to naming pictures of famous people (e.g., Jennifer Aniston). Patient B, who suffered a lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus, is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of non-living things (e.g., furniture), and is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of living-things (e.g., animals).
a. Patient A, who suffered a lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus, is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of living-things (e.g., animals), but is unimpaired when it comes to naming pictures of non-living things (e.g., furniture). Patient B, who suffered a lesion in the left temporal lobe, is impaired when it comes to naming pictures of non-living things (e.g., furniture), but is unimpaired when it comes to naming pictures of living-things (e.g., animals).
What is the underlying nature of symbolic cognitive architectures?
a. Computational nodes that run over symbolic representations.
b. Computational nodes that co-activate in a symbolic network.
c. Computational processes that run over symbolic representations.
d. Symbolic representations of 1’s and 0’s that are processed over cognitive processes.
c. Computational processes that run over symbolic representations.
Which of the following is not a problem faced by connectionist architectures?
a. Connectionist architectures do not have an account for the underlying structure of co-activated nodes.
b. Connectionist architectures are not well-suited models to account for the implementation level of cognitive functions.
c. Connectionist architectures rely on the arbitrary assignment of labels and weights to their nodes.
d. Connectionist architectures do not logically entail the meaning of the parts as a function of the whole.
b. Connectionist architectures are not well-suited models to account for the implementation level of cognitive functions.
If the results of a study employing functional magnetic resonance imaging states that “there was a significant BOLD signal activation in the left inferior temporal lobe”, what can we conclude from this statement?
a. That left inferior temporal lobe required a significant amount of oxygenated blood, suggesting its involvement in the task at hand.
b. The left inferior temporal lobe required an almost inexistent amount of oxygenated blood, suggesting its involvement in the task at hand.
c. The left inferior temporal lobe requires a significant amount of oxygenated blood, suggesting its not involved in the task at hand.
d. The left inferior temporal lobe required an almost inexistent amount of oxygenated blood, suggesting its not involved in the task at hand.
a. That left inferior temporal lobe required a significant amount of oxygenated blood, suggesting its involvement in the task at hand.
These are three of the main factors leading to the so-called cognitive revolution of the 1950’s:
a. Plato’s notion of “earlier souls”, the need for an interdisciplinary science, and the success of operant conditioning.
b. Behaviorism’s success in accounting for language acquisition, the development of brain scanning methods, and introspectionism.
c. The development of computers, mentalism in linguistics, and Miller’s focus on internal “plans”.
d. Children’s ability to learn language through imitation, the development of Descarte’s Cartesian mind framework, and the rejection of the intentional fallacy
c. The development of computers, mentalism in linguistics, and Miller’s focus on internal “plans”.
The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as …?
a. Information processing.
b. Functional analysis.
c. Introspection.
d. Behavioral analysis.
c. Introspection.
