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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3- Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the hereditary factors of the cell, called genes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons.

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2
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying the information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA into a complementary sequence of codons.

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that occurs during production of gametes, involving two successive nuclear divisions that result in cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes.

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4
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The formation of blood vessels in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorion at the beginning of the third week of development.

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5
Q

Microtubules

A

Cylindrical protein filament, from 18 to 30 nm in diameter, consisting of the protein tubulin; provides support, structure, and transportation.

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6
Q

Synapsis

A

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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7
Q

Prophase

A

The first stage of mitosis during which chromatid pairs are formed and aggregate around the metaphase plate of the cell.

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8
Q

Cell division

A

Process by which a cell reproduces itself that consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis); types include somatic and reproductive.

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9
Q

organelles

A

A permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities.

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10
Q

kinetechore

A

Protein complex attached to the outside of a centromere to which kinetochore microtubules attach.

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11
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring the expenditure of cellular energy (ATP).

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12
Q

osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration until equilibrium is reached.

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13
Q

anaphase

A

The third stage of mitosis in which the chromatids that have separated at the centromeres move to opposite poles of the cell.

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14
Q

somatic cell division

A

Type of cell division in which a single starting cell duplicates itself to produce two identical cells; consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.

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15
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of channels running through the cytoplasm of a cell that serves in intracellular transportation, support, storage, synthesis, and packaging of molecules.

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16
Q

Haploid cells

A

Having half the number of chromosomes characteristically found in the somatic cells of an organism; characteristic of mature gametes.

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17
Q

The liquid product of inflammation containing leukocytes or their remains and debris of dead cells.

A

Pus

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18
Q

chromatids

A

One of a pair of identical connected nucleoprotein strands that are joined at the centromere and separate during cell division, each becoming a chromosome of one of the two daughter cells.

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19
Q

The final stage of mitosis.

A

Telophase

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20
Q

hypertonic solution

A

Solution that causes cells to shrink due to loss of water by osmosis.

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21
Q

cell cycle

A

Growth and division of a single cell into two identical cells; consists of interphase and cell division.

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22
Q

dysplasia

A

Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation.

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23
Q

cytoskelton

A

Complex internal structure of cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

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24
Q

Process in which the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.

A

translation

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25
Q

chromosome

A

One of the small, threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell, normally 46 in a human diploid cell, that bears the genetic material; composed of DNA and proteins (histones) that form a delicate chromatin thread during interphase; becomes packaged into compact rodlike structures that are visible under the light microscope during cell division.

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26
Q

centrosome

A

A dense network of small protein fibers near the nucleus of a cell, containing a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material.

27
Q

peroxisomes

A

Organelle similar in structure to a lysosome that contains enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic compounds; such reactions produce hydrogen peroxide; abundant in liver cells.

28
Q

microvilli

A

Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.

29
Q

hypotonic

A

Solution that causes cells to swell and perhaps rupture due to gain of water by osmosis.

30
Q

autophagy

A

Process by which worn-out organelles are digested within lysosomes.

31
Q

neoplasm

A

A new growth that may be benign or malignant.

32
Q

pseudopods

A

Temporary protrusions of the leading edge of a migrating cell; cellular projections that surround a particle undergoing phagocytosis.

33
Q

lipid bilayer

A

Arrangement of phospholipid, glycolipid, and cholesterol molecules in two parallel sheets in which the hydrophilic “heads” face outward and the hydrophobic “tails” face inward; found in cellular membranes.

34
Q

cilia

A

A hair or hairlike process projecting from a cell that may be used to move the entire cell or to move substances along the surface of the cell.

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

An organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a single membrane and containing powerful digestive enzymes.

36
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size without division

37
Q

oncology

A

study of tumors

38
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

an active transport pump located in the plasma membrane that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell at the expense of cellular ATP. It functions to keep the ionic concentrations of these ions at physiological levels. Also called the Na+-K+ ATPase.

39
Q

exocytosis

A

A process in which membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles form inside the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents into the interstitial fluid; achieves secretion of materials from a cell.

40
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes belonging to a pair

41
Q

nucleoli

A

Spherical bodies within a cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that are the sites of the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits

42
Q

mitotic spindle

A

Collective term for a football-shaped assembly of microtubules (nonkinetochore, kinetochore, and aster) that is responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

43
Q

The exchange of a portion of one chromatid with another during meiosis. It permits an exchange of genes among chromatids and is one factor that results in genetic variation of progeny.

A

crossing over

44
Q

chromatin

A

The threadlike mass of genetic material, consisting of DNA and histone proteins, that is present in the nucleus of a nondividing or interphase cell.

45
Q

Bulk-phase endocytosis

A

A process by which most body cells can ingest membrane-surrounded droplets of interstitial fluid

46
Q

A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal (generator or receptor potential). A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand.

A

receptors

47
Q

leukemia

A

A malignant disease of the blood-forming tissues characterized by either uncontrolled production and accumulation of immature leukocytes in which many cells fail to reach maturity (acute) or an accumulation of mature leukocytes in the blood because they do not die at the end of their normal life span (chronic).

48
Q

endocytosis

A

The uptake into a cell of large molecules and particles by vesicles formed from the plasma membrane.

49
Q

cytokinesis

A

The uptake into a cell of large molecules and particles by vesicles formed from the plasma membrane.

50
Q

hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division.

51
Q

cytoplasm

A

Cytosol plus all organelles except the nucleus.

52
Q

flagella

A

A hairlike, motile process on the extremity of a bacterium, protozoan, or sperm cell.

53
Q

oncogenses

A

Cancer-causing gene; it derives from a normal gene, that encodes proteins involved in cell growth or cell regulation but has the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell when it is mutated or inappropriately activated.

54
Q

anaphase

A

The third stage of mitosis in which the chromatids that have separated at the centromeres move to opposite poles of the cell.

55
Q

anaplasia

A

The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies.

56
Q

angiogenesis

A

The formation of blood vessels in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorion at the beginning of the third week of development.

57
Q

apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death; a normal type of cell death that removes unneeded cells during embryological development, regulates the number of cells in tissues, and eliminates many potentially dangerous cells such as cancer cells.

58
Q

Gene responsible for some aspect of normal growth and development; it may transform into an oncogene, a gene capable of causing cancer.

A

Proto-oncogenes

59
Q

metaphase

A

The second stage of mitosis, in which chromatid pairs line up on the metaphase plate of the cell.

60
Q

A gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete.

A

Germ cell

61
Q

metaplasia

A

The transformation of one type of cell into another.

62
Q

dysplasia

A

Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation.

63
Q

Pseudopods

A

Temporary protrusions of the leading edge of a migrating cell; cellular projections that surround a particle undergoing phagocytosis.

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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