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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1- Introduction To Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Introduction To Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the study of structures in the body and their relationships to each other. It is studied through dissection and imaging techniques such as x-rays and MRI.

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Physiology is the study of body functions. It studies how he body works.

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3
Q

Embryology

A

The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
Branch of anatomy.

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4
Q

Developmental Biology

A

The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
Branch of Anatomy

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5
Q

Cell Biology

A

Cellular structure and function

A branch of anatomy

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6
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic structure of tissue

Branch of Anatomy

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7
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Study of structure of specific systems in the body such as the digestive system
Branch of anatomy

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8
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Structure of specific regions in the body such as the abdomen
Branch of anatomy

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9
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of surface markings and palpations of body to understand internal structure
Branch of anatomy

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10
Q

Imaging anatomy

A

Study of structures that can be observed through imaging techniques such as MRI, x-ray, CT, etc….
Branch of anatomy

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11
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A 
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
Branch of anatomy
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12
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Functions of nerve cells

Branch of physiology

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13
Q

Endocrinology

A

Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
Branch of physiology

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14
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Function of heart and blood vessels

Branch of physiology

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15
Q

Immunology

A

Body’s defence against disease causing agents

Branch of physiology

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16
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

Functions of air passageways and lungs

Branch of physiology

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17
Q

Renal physiology

A

Functions of kidneys

Branch of physiology

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18
Q

Exercise physiology

A

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscle movement

Branch of physiology

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19
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes associated with disease and aging.

Branch of physiology

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20
Q

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Components

A

Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

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21
Q

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Functions

A

Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.

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22
Q

Skeletal system components

A

Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

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23
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).

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24
Q

Muscular system components

A

Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue—muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac).

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25
Q

Muscular system functions

A

Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.

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26
Q

Nervous System components

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.

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27
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

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28
Q

Endocrine system components

A

Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.

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29
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).

30
Q

Cardiovascular system components

A

Blood, heart, blood vessels

31
Q

Cardiovascular system functions

A

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.

32
Q

Lymphatic system/immunity components

A

Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).

33
Q

Lymphatic system/immunity functions

A

Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.

34
Q

Respiratory system components

A

Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.

35
Q

respiratory system functions

A

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.

36
Q

Digestive system components

A

Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

37
Q

Digestive system functions

A

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.

38
Q

Urinary system components

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

39
Q

Urinary system functions

A

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.

40
Q

Reproductive system components for both male and female

A

Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males).

41
Q

Reproductive system functions

A

Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.

42
Q

6 Basic life processes

A

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, and Reproduction

43
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. For example, digestive processes catabolize (split) proteins in food into amino acids. These amino acids are then used to anabolize (build) new proteins that make up body structures such as muscles and bones.

44
Q

Responsiveness?

A

Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. For example, an increase in body temperature during a fever represents a change in the internal environment (within the body), and turning your head toward the sound of squealing brakes is a response to a change in the external environment (outside the body) to prepare the body for a potential threat. Different cells in the body respond to environmental changes in characteristic ways. Nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals known as nerve impulses (action potentials). Muscle cells respond by contracting, which generates force to move body parts.

45
Q

Whats catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.

46
Q

What is anabolism

A

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

47
Q

Movement

A

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. For example, the coordinated action of leg muscles moves your whole body from one place to another when you walk or run. After you eat a meal that contains fats, your gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the gastrointestinal tract to help digest them. When a body tissue is damaged or infected, certain white blood cells move from the bloodstream into the affected tissue to help clean up and repair the area. Inside the cell, various parts, such as secretory vesicles move from one position to another to carry out their functions.

48
Q

Growth

A

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. In addition, a tissue sometimes increases in size because the amount of material between cells increases. In a growing bone, for example, mineral deposits accumulate between bone cells, causing the bone to grow in length and width.

49
Q

Differentiation

A

is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Such precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as stem cells. As you will see later in the text, each type of cell in the body has a specialized structure or function that differs from that of its precursor (ancestor) cells. For example, red blood cells and several types of white blood cells all arise from the same unspecialized precursor cells in red bone marrow. Also through differentiation, a single fertilized human egg (ovum) develops into an embryo, and then into a fetus, an infant, a child, and finally an adult.

50
Q

Reproduction

A

refers either to (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual. The formation of new cells occurs through cell division. The production of a new individual occurs through the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell to form a zygote, followed by repeated cell divisions and the differentiation of these cells.

51
Q

Homeostasis

A

is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. Homeostasis is a dynamic condition. In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. For example, the level of glucose in blood normally stays between 70 and 110 milligrams of glucose per 100 milliliters of blood.* Each structure, from the cellular level to the system level, contributes in some way to keeping the internal environment of the body within normal limits.

52
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid within cells

53
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid found outside body cells such as plasma and Interstitial fluid

54
Q

Interstitial fluid or tissue fluid

A

a solution that surrounds tissue cells. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid. creates internal environment of body

55
Q

Blood plasma

A

ECF in blood vessels

56
Q

Lymph

A

fluid in lymph vessels

57
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

ECF surrounding brain and spinal cord

58
Q

synovial fluid

A

ECF surrounding joints

59
Q

Aqueous humor

A

The watery fluid, similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid, that fills the anterior cavity of the eye.
and vitreous body.

60
Q

Vitreous body

A

A soft, jellylike substance that fills the vitreous chamber of the eyeball, lying between the lens and the retina.

61
Q

Components of a feedback system

A

Receptor, control center, effector

62
Q

What is a receptor in a feedback system

A

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. This pathway is called an afferent pathway (af- = toward; -ferrent = carried), since the information flows toward the control center. Typically, the input is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals. For example, certain nerve endings in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes, such as a dramatic drop in temperature

63
Q

Control center

A

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. Output from the control center typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or other chemical signals. This pathway is called an efferent pathway (ef- = away from), since the information flows away from the control center. In our skin temperature example, the brain acts as the control center, receiving nerve impulses from the skin receptors and generating nerve impulses as output. eg. the brain

64
Q

Effector

A

is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector. When your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). The result is shivering, which generates heat and raises your body temperature.

65
Q

Difference between a positive and negative feedback system

A

The difference between negative and positive feedback systems is that in negative feedback systems the response reverses the original stimulus, but in positive feedback systems the response enhances the original stimulus.

66
Q

Symptom

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

67
Q

Sign

A

Any objective evidence of disease that can be observed or measured, such as a lesion, swelling, or fever.

68
Q

Oblique plane

A

A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either the midsagittal, parasagittal, or frontal plane.

69
Q

The largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera within it.

A

Peritoneum

70
Q

Mediastinum

A

he broad, median partition between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column in the thoracic cavity.

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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