Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function Flashcards
Facilitated Diffusion
The carrier mediated transport down its concentration gradient. Requires no expenditure of metabolic energy.
Axoneme
Basis for ciliary movement. Consists of an array of thin protein cylinders.
Saturation
As the solute concentration rises, its rate of transport increase but only up to a point.
Extracellular Fluid
All body fluids not contained in the cell.
Osmotic Pressure
The hydrostatic pressure that is required to halt osmosis from occurring.
Simple Diffusion
The net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration.
Microvilli
Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase surface area.
Polygonal
Irregularly angular shapes with 4,5 or more sides.
Cell Theory
Certain generalizations about cells developed by scientists.
Spheroidal
Round to ovular cells.
Cytosol
Clear fluid in which the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are embedded in. Also called intracellular fluid.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Water accumulates on one side of a membrane and become heavy, As is becomes heavier, it exerts a strong force which is hydrostatic pressure. Allows for osmosis to occur.
Carriers
Transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, etc. and transfer them to the membrane.
Extracellular Face
The side of the membrane which faces outwards, away from the cytoplasm
Osmolarity
Osmotic Concentration
Autophagy
When the lysosomes digest/dispose of surplus or nonliving organelles and other cell components in order to recycle nutrients for more important needs.
Cotransport
When a symport moves two or more solutes through the membrane simultaneously and in the same direction.
Nuclear Lamina
A narrow but densely fibrous zone composed of a web of intermediate filaments. Immediately inside the nucleus.
Cilia
Hairlike processes about 7-10 um long. Nearly every human cell has a single primary cilium.
Reverse Osmosis
Process in which a mechanical pressure is applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drives water through a membrane against the gradient.
Symport
The kind of carrier that performs cotransport.
Microfilaments
About 6nm thick and are made of the protein actin.
Hypotonic Solutions
Have a lower concentration of solutes than all other solutions. Absorb water and swell.
Primary Active Transport
Moves a substance up its concentration gradient. Uses the energy provided by ATP.
Cell-Identity Markers
Acts as identification tag and enables the immune system to tell which cells are foreign and which are domestic.
Vesicular Transport
Moves large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane.
Intermediate Filaments
8-10nm thick. Give the cell its shape, resist stress, and form junctions that attach cells to their neighbors.
Glycocalyx
A fuzzy coat external to the plasma membrane in all animal cells. Composed of carbohydrates.
Stellate
Has multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of the cell.
Fusiform
Spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends.
Cuboidal
Squarish-looking in frontal sections, about equal height and width.
Selectively Permeable
Allows some things to pass through and prevents others.
Peripheral Proteins
Do not protrude into the phospholipid layer and adhere to either the inner or the outer face of the membrane.
Gated Channel
Opens and closes under different circumstances and allow solutes through some times but not others.
Discoidal
Disc-shaped.
Hypertonic Solutions
Have a higher concentration of solutes than all other solutions. Cell loses water and shrinks.
G-Protein
Proteins named for the ATP-like channel chemical guanosine triphosphate.
Mechanically Gated
Responds to physical stress on a cell, such as stretch or pressure.
Psuedopods
Cytoplasm filled extensions of the cell which vary in shape.
Isotonic Solutions
Have an equal concentration of solutes and solvent.
Voltage-Gated Channel
Responds to changes in electrical potential across the plasma membrane.
Osmosis
The net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane
Leak Channel
Always open and allow materials to pass through continually.
Fiberous
Long, slender, and thread-like.
Flagellum
Whiplike tail only present on sperm.
Intracellular Face
The side or a membrane which faces the cytoplasm.
Transmembrane Proteins
Pass completely through the phospholipid bilayer. Have hydrophilic regions in contact with water on both sides and hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid. Make up 1% of the plasma membrane.
Columnar
Distinctly taller rather than wide
Squamos
Thin, flat, scaly shapes, often bulge where the nucleus is.
Proteasome
Performs protein disposal. Hollow, cylindrical complexes located in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Cells tag undesirable proteins and brings them to the proteasome to destroy.
Secondary Active Transport
Requires an energy input but depends on ATP indirectly.
Countertransport
When an anti port moves two or more solutes through the membrane simultaneously and in the opposite direction.
Cytology
The scientific study of cells
Channel Proteins
Passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane.
What are the 4 tenants of cell theory?
All living organisms are made of 1 or more cells, cells are the most basic structural and functional unit of life, all activities of an organism stem from the activities of it’s constituent cells, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Transcytosis
When material is transported across the cell. Captured on one side and released on the other.
Filtration
Process in which physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane.
Enzymes
Carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion.
Receptors
Usually specific for one particular messenger.
Uniport
Kind of carrier that only carry on type of solute.
Aquaporins
Specialized channel proteins which allow water to pass through hydrophobic regions. Increase the rate of osmosis when more are present and decreases it by removing them.
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell.
Inclusions
Foreign matter or stored cell products.
Antiport
The kind of carrier that performs counter transport
Carrier-Mediated Transport
A solute binds to a carrier in the plasma membrane which then changes shape and release the solute on the other side.
Microtubules
Cylinders made of 13 parallel strand of protofilaments.
Cell-Adhesion Molecules
Allow cells to adhere to one another and grow like they need to.
Power-Recovery Stroke Cycle
Each cilium bends stiffly forward to produce a power stroke and then once the power stroke is complete it pulls limply back in a recovery stroke in order to return to an upright position.
