Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Claude Bernard
Observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when external conditions vary greatly.
Inspection
The simplest form of examination which involves just looking at the body.
Spherical Aberration
Images with blurred edges
Robert Hooke
Designed many kind of medical instruments and also observed that cells were filled with a juice like substance.
Placebo
A substance given to the control group to make them believe they are under the influence, even though the substance has no true effect.
Organ System
A group of organs with a unique collective function such as circulation, respiratory, or digestion.
Aristotle
One of the first to write about anatomy and physiology. Believed that disease could be the result of either supernatural OR natural causes.
Falsifiability
If we claim something is true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong.
Sample Size
The number of subject used in a study
Bipedalism
Standing and on walking on two legs.
Evolution
All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve.
Michael Servertus
Discovered that blood must circulate continuously around the body.
Metrodora
The first woman to publish a medical textbook. Her book was widely translated and used all across Greece and Rome until 1597.
Situs Invertus
Left/right reversal of organ placement.
Hippocrates
“The father of medicine”, established the code for physicians and the Hippocrates Oath. Urged physicians to stop attributing disease to demons and gods and to seek their natural causes.
Natural Selection
Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
Opposable
Thumbs can cross the palm to touch the fingertips.
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
Invented a simple microscope that could achieve much higher magnification than previous microscopes.
2nd Rule of Hypothesis
Must be capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence.
Maimonides
Fled Egypt and spent the rest of his life as a physician to the sultan. Wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises for specific diseases.
Growth
An increase in size.
Molecules
Components which make other cellular parts.
Baroreceptors
Sensory nerve endings in large arteries above the heart.
Walter Cannon
Coined the term for homeostasis
Ultrastructure
Fine, molecular level details.
Double-Blind Method
When neither the subject nor the person recording/treating knows whether the subject is receiving the placebo or the treatment.
Palpation
A way of examination where the doctor is feeling a structure with their hands.
Examples: Taking a pulse, feeling the lymph nodes.
Vasodilation
The widening of blood vessels. Forces sweating to occur and the body to lose heat.
Comparative Physiology
The study of the ways different species have solved the problem of life
Organization
The ability of living things to maintain order and gain/expend energy accordingly.
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
An educated speculation.
Avicenna
Combined Galen and Aristotles findings with his own and asked questions when evidence was lacking. Wrote The Cannon of Medicine which was taught in medical schools for over 500 years.
Physiology
The study of human function
Prehensile
Hands are able to grasp objects by encircling the objects with the thumb and fingers.
Histology
Take stained tissue specimens and observing them under a microscope.
Endocrinology
Physiology of hormones
Galileo
Parented the compound microscope as a by-product of his work with telescopes.
Set Point
Average value for a given variable and contains fluctuate slightly around that average point.
Stimuli
Changes in environment
Theory
An explanatory statement(s) derived from facts, laws, and proven hypotheses.
Metabolism
The sum of all internal chemical changes
Organelle
Microscopic structures within cells which carry out their individual function
Cytology
The study of the structure and function of individual cells.
Adaptations
Features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to selection pressures.
Holism
Idea where properties of a the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of its specific parts.
Evolution
Change in genetic composition of a population of organisms
Charles Darwin
The person to originate the theory of natural selection. HIs books was coined “the book that shook the world”
Development
An change in form or function
Differentiation
The transformation of cells with no function into cells with specialized functions.
Homeostasis
The boys ability to detect change, activate mechanisms to oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable conditions.
Dissection
Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationship.
Psychosomatic Effects
Effects of the subjects state of mind on their psychology.
Responsiveness to Movement
The ability to sense and react to stimuli
Cells
The smallest unit of life which carry out basic life function
Organ
A structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a specific function
Reductionism
When a large, complex system can be understood by studying the simpler components.
Anatomy
The study of human structure
Neurophysiology
Physiology of nervous system
Marcello Malpighi
The first to study cells with a compound microscope and also was the first to observe blood cells and capillaries.
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of disease
Atoms
Smallest unit of matter with unique chemical identity
Negative Feedback
A process in which the body sense a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.
Vasoconstriction
The shrinking go blood vessels. Forces shivering and the body to gain heat.
1st Rule of Hypothesis
Must be consistent with what is already known.
Integrating Control Center
A mechanism that processes the information, relates it to other information and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be.
Positive Feedback
An amplifying cycle in which a psychological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction rather than producing the corrective effect.
Gradient
The difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point to another.
Theologi
Supernatural causes
Physici
Natural causes
Auscultation
A way of examination in which the doctor listen to the natural sounds of the human body.
Examples: Hearing the heat beat or breath sounds.
Cadaver
A dead human body that has been donated to medical discovery.
Stereoscopic Vision
Depth perception which allows for better hand eye coordination.
Imaging Techniques
Methods of photography which allow sight into the body.
Comparative Anatomy
The study of multiple species to examine similarities and differences due to finding similar structures throughout the species.
Evolutionary Medicine
Analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be traced to difference between how we live now to ancient environments
Tissues
A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
Cellular Composition
Living matter always is composed of one or more cells
Chromatic Aberration
Images with rainbow like distortion.
Inductive Method
A process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
The necessary amount of “proof” to make something true. It is arrived at by, reliable methods of observation being repeatedly tested and confirmed, and not being falsified by any credible observation.
Peer Review
Critical evaluation by other experts in the field. This is done prior to funding or publication and using repeatable results.
Gross Anatomy
Structures that can be seen by the naked eye.
Law of Nature
Generalization about the way matter and energy behaves. The law results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations. Written as a statement or a formula.
Andreas Vesalius
Broke classroom tradition and came down from the elevated chair and did dissections himself. He exposed how Galen was wrong about anatomy. Created the first accurate illustrations of anatomy.
Organism
A single, competent individual
Reproduction
Living organisms produce offspring and therefore pass their genes on to new, younger, organisms.E
Control Group
Consists of subject that are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested.
Scientific Facts
Information that can be independently verified
Percussion
A way of examination where the examiner taps on the body, feels and abnormal amount of resistance, and then listens to the emitted sounds for abnormalities.
Examples: Finding pockets of fluids, air, and scar tissue.
Selection Pressures
Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others
Dynamic Equilibrium
The internal state of the body, also described as balanced change.
Experimenter Bias
When experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect the interpretation of data.
Claudius Galen
Wrote the most influential ANCIENT textbook. Due to Galen not being permitted to dissect bodies, he had to guess at most human anatomy and made many incorrect deductions. Galen saw science as a method of discovery, not a body of fact.
Receptors
Structures that sense change
Exploratory Surgery
Opening the body to see what is wrong and what can be done about it.
Effector
Is the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective building.
Scientific Method
A method of disciplined creativity, careful observations, logical thinking, honest analysis, and conclusions.
Radiology
The branch of medicine concerned with imaging techniques.
