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Physiology > CHAPTER 3 - Cells: The Living Units > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 - Cells: The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic parts of human cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane: flexible outer boundary
  2. Cytoplasm: intracellular fluid containing organelles
  3. Nucleus: DNA containing control center
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2
Q

3 extracellular materials

A
  1. Extracellular fluids: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid
  2. Cellular secretions: saliva, mucus
  3. Extracellular matrix: acts as glue to hold cells together
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3
Q

4 functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Physical barrier
  2. Selective permeability
  3. Communication
  4. Cell Recognition
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4
Q

What’s the structure of plasma membrane?

A

Has a polar head that faces both inside and outside of the cell. Non-polar tails hide from the water.

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5
Q

Integral proteins

A

Embedded in plasma membrane

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

On the surface, responding to functions related to the surface

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7
Q

Tight junction

A

Impermeable, form continuous seals, prevents molecules from passing between cells

ex. bladder

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8
Q

Desmosomes

A

“Anchoring junctions”, bind cells together like velcro, and keeps cells from tearing apart.

ex. cardiac muscles

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9
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicates, allows ions to move

ex. heart cells and embryonic cells

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10
Q

Simple diffusion (passive transport)

A

Natural movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

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11
Q

What is facilitated diffusion (passive transport) + 2 types?

A

Hydrophobic molecules are transported passively down their concentration gradient

  1. Carrier-mediated: substance binds to a protein carrier
  2. Channel-mediated: substance moves through water-filled channels
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12
Q

Osmosis (passive transport)

A

Movement of water across selectively permeable membrane. Water diffuses through the lipid bilayer using aquaporins (water channels)

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13
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape/tone of cells by altering the cells internal water volume.

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14
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same osmolarity as inside the cell, volume remains unchanged

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15
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher osmolarity than inside the cell, water will flow out and shrink the cell

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16
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower osmolarity than inside the cell, water flows into the cell and swells

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17
Q

Active membrane transport

A

Requires ATP because solute may be too large/not lipid soluble/not able to move against the concentration gradient.

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18
Q

2 types of carrier proteins

A
  1. Antiporters: transports one substance into the cell, while transporting a different one out

2.Symporters: Transports 2 different substances in the same direction

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19
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump

A

Antiporter that pumps Na out of the cell and K into the cell

Essential for function of muscle and nerve tissue

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20
Q

What is vesicular transport and what are the 3 types?

A

Transport of large particles across the membrane in vesicles

  1. Endocytosis: transport into the cell
  2. Exocytosis: transport out of the cell using secretory vesicles
  3. Transcytosis: Transport into, across and out of the cell
21
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis: cell engulfs large particles
  2. Pinocytosis: “gulps” extracellular fluid containing solutes
  3. Receptor-mediated: extracellular substances bind to specific receptor proteins
22
Q

Where is the cytoplasm and what does it contain?

A

Located between the plasma membrane and nucleus
-Cytosol: gel-like solution
-Inclusions: insoluble molecules
-Organelles: metabolic machinery structure of a cell

23
Q

Mitochondrion

A

-“power plant” (produces most of ATP using aerobic cellular respiration)
-Contain their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes
-Capable of cell division, fission

24
Q

Ribosomes

A

-Site of protein synthesis
-Made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

25
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

A

-Studded with ribosomes
-Synthesizes, modifies and sends final proteins to the Golgi apparatus
-“membrane factory”

26
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

A

-Lipid metabolism
-Absorption, synthesis, transport of fats
-Detoxification of certain chemicals
-Converting glycogen to free glucose
-Storage/release of calcium

27
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins/lipids. “Traffic director”

28
Q

Peroxisomes (and their process)

A

Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxifying substances that neutralize toxins
1. Oxidase uses O2 to convert toxins to H2O2
2. Catalase converts H2O2 to H20

29
Q

Lysosomes (autolysis?)

A

Spherical membranous bags that contain digestive enzymes to digest bacteria, viruses and toxins.

Autolysis: can digest themselves

30
Q

Cytoskeleton (3 types?)

A

Network of rods that run through cytosol

  1. Microfilaments: strengthens cell surface and mobility
  2. Intermediate filaments: Resists pulling forces
  3. Microtubules: Keeps organelles in place, used as tracks by motor proteins
31
Q

Centrosomes

A

Microtubule organizer centre consisting of granular matrix and centrioles

32
Q

Cilia/flagella

A

Aid in movement of cell/materials across the surface

33
Q

Microvilli

A

Fingerlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell to increase surface area

34
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle containing genetic library blueprints for synthesis of nearly all cellular proteins, “control centre”

35
Q

Nuclear envelope structure (Membrane? Outer layer? Inner layer? Pores?)

A

-Double-membrane barrier that encloses the nucleoplasm
-The outer layer is continuous with rough ER
-The inner layer, lamina, is a network of proteins that maintain nuclear shape/act as scaffolding for DNA
-Nuclear pores allow substances to pass into/out of nucleus, guarded by nuclear pore complex

36
Q

Chromatin

A

-30% threadlike DNA strands, 60% histone proteins, 10% RNA
-Arranged in nucleosomes, consisting of DNA wrapped around histones
-Chromosomes are condensed chromatin, that helps protect fragile chromatic

37
Q

3 major periods of cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
    2.Cell division/mitotic phase/mitosis
    3.Cytokinesis
38
Q

Interphase stages

A

G1: growth
S: Growth/DNA synthesis
G2: Growth/final prep for division

39
Q

Mitosis phases

A

1a. Early prophase: chromosomes start to condense, mitotic spindles begin to form

1b. Late prophase: Mitotic spindle fibres begin to capture/organize the chromosomes

  1. Metaphase: Spindle fibres capture all the chromosomes and line them up in the middle, ready to divide
  2. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell
  3. Telophase: The cell is nearly done dividing, and starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis begins
40
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Divison of cytoplasm to form 2 new cells

41
Q

2 controls of cell division

A
  1. Go signal: occurs when area of the membrane becomes inadequate
  2. Stop signal: Occurs when they come in contact with other cells (contact inhibition)
42
Q

DNA nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

43
Q

Exons vs. introns

A

Exon: part of the gene that codes for amino acids
Intron: noncoding segments interspersed amongst exons

44
Q

Role of RNA

A

The “go-between” molecule that links DNA to proteins (copies DNA code in the nucleus, and carries it into cytoplasm to ribosomes)

45
Q

RNA vs DNA

A

RNA had ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA has uracil substituted for thymine

46
Q

3 types of RNA and their functions

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs.
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): site of protein synthesis.

3.Transfer RNA (tRNA): decode mRNA’s message for amino acid sequence in the polypeptide to be built.

47
Q

Transcription

A

DNA information coded in mRNA

48
Q

Translation

A

mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides. Anticodon at the other end of the triplet code determines which amino acid will be bound at the stem

49
Q

3 events of translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination

Physiology (3 decks)

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