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Physiology > CHAPTER 3 - Cells: The Living Units > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 - Cells: The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic parts of human cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane: flexible outer boundary
  2. Cytoplasm: intracellular fluid containing organelles
  3. Nucleus: DNA containing control center
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2
Q

3 extracellular materials

A
  1. Extracellular fluids: interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid
  2. Cellular secretions: saliva, mucus
  3. Extracellular matrix: acts as glue to hold cells together
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3
Q

4 functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Physical barrier
  2. Selective permeability
  3. Communication
  4. Cell Recognition
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4
Q

What’s the structure of plasma membrane?

A

Has a polar head that faces both inside and outside of the cell. Non-polar tails hide from the water.

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5
Q

Integral proteins

A

Embedded in plasma membrane

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

On the surface, responding to functions related to the surface

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7
Q

Tight junction

A

Impermeable, form continuous seals, prevents molecules from passing between cells

ex. bladder

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8
Q

Desmosomes

A

“Anchoring junctions”, bind cells together like velcro, and keeps cells from tearing apart.

ex. cardiac muscles

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9
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicates, allows ions to move

ex. heart cells and embryonic cells

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10
Q

Simple diffusion (passive transport)

A

Natural movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

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11
Q

What is facilitated diffusion (passive transport) + 2 types?

A

Hydrophobic molecules are transported passively down their concentration gradient

  1. Carrier-mediated: substance binds to a protein carrier
  2. Channel-mediated: substance moves through water-filled channels
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12
Q

Osmosis (passive transport)

A

Movement of water across selectively permeable membrane. Water diffuses through the lipid bilayer using aquaporins (water channels)

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13
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape/tone of cells by altering the cells internal water volume.

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14
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same osmolarity as inside the cell, volume remains unchanged

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15
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher osmolarity than inside the cell, water will flow out and shrink the cell

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16
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower osmolarity than inside the cell, water flows into the cell and swells

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17
Q

Active membrane transport

A

Requires ATP because solute may be too large/not lipid soluble/not able to move against the concentration gradient.

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18
Q

2 types of carrier proteins

A
  1. Antiporters: transports one substance into the cell, while transporting a different one out

2.Symporters: Transports 2 different substances in the same direction

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19
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump

A

Antiporter that pumps Na out of the cell and K into the cell

Essential for function of muscle and nerve tissue

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20
Q

What is vesicular transport and what are the 3 types?

A

Transport of large particles across the membrane in vesicles

  1. Endocytosis: transport into the cell
  2. Exocytosis: transport out of the cell using secretory vesicles
  3. Transcytosis: Transport into, across and out of the cell
21
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis: cell engulfs large particles
  2. Pinocytosis: “gulps” extracellular fluid containing solutes
  3. Receptor-mediated: extracellular substances bind to specific receptor proteins
22
Q

Where is the cytoplasm and what does it contain?

A

Located between the plasma membrane and nucleus
-Cytosol: gel-like solution
-Inclusions: insoluble molecules
-Organelles: metabolic machinery structure of a cell

23
Q

Mitochondrion

A

-“power plant” (produces most of ATP using aerobic cellular respiration)
-Contain their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes
-Capable of cell division, fission

24
Q

Ribosomes

A

-Site of protein synthesis
-Made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

25
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
-Studded with ribosomes -Synthesizes, modifies and sends final proteins to the Golgi apparatus -"membrane factory"
26
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
-Lipid metabolism -Absorption, synthesis, transport of fats -Detoxification of certain chemicals -Converting glycogen to free glucose -Storage/release of calcium
27
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins/lipids. "Traffic director"
28
Peroxisomes (and their process)
Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxifying substances that neutralize toxins 1. Oxidase uses O2 to convert toxins to H2O2 2. Catalase converts H2O2 to H20
29
Lysosomes (autolysis?)
Spherical membranous bags that contain digestive enzymes to digest bacteria, viruses and toxins. Autolysis: can digest themselves
30
Cytoskeleton (3 types?)
Network of rods that run through cytosol 1. Microfilaments: strengthens cell surface and mobility 2. Intermediate filaments: Resists pulling forces 3. Microtubules: Keeps organelles in place, used as tracks by motor proteins
31
Centrosomes
Microtubule organizer centre consisting of granular matrix and centrioles
32
Cilia/flagella
Aid in movement of cell/materials across the surface
33
Microvilli
Fingerlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell to increase surface area
34
Nucleus
Largest organelle containing genetic library blueprints for synthesis of nearly all cellular proteins, "control centre"
35
Nuclear envelope structure (Membrane? Outer layer? Inner layer? Pores?)
-Double-membrane barrier that encloses the nucleoplasm -The outer layer is continuous with rough ER -The inner layer, lamina, is a network of proteins that maintain nuclear shape/act as scaffolding for DNA -Nuclear pores allow substances to pass into/out of nucleus, guarded by nuclear pore complex
36
Chromatin
-30% threadlike DNA strands, 60% histone proteins, 10% RNA -Arranged in nucleosomes, consisting of DNA wrapped around histones -Chromosomes are condensed chromatin, that helps protect fragile chromatic
37
3 major periods of cell cycle
1. Interphase 2.Cell division/mitotic phase/mitosis 3.Cytokinesis
38
Interphase stages
G1: growth S: Growth/DNA synthesis G2: Growth/final prep for division
39
Mitosis phases
1a. Early prophase: chromosomes start to condense, mitotic spindles begin to form 1b. Late prophase: Mitotic spindle fibres begin to capture/organize the chromosomes 2. Metaphase: Spindle fibres capture all the chromosomes and line them up in the middle, ready to divide 3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell 4. Telophase: The cell is nearly done dividing, and starts to re-establish its normal structures as cytokinesis begins
40
Cytokinesis
Divison of cytoplasm to form 2 new cells
41
2 controls of cell division
1. Go signal: occurs when area of the membrane becomes inadequate 2. Stop signal: Occurs when they come in contact with other cells (contact inhibition)
42
DNA nitrogen bases
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
43
Exons vs. introns
Exon: part of the gene that codes for amino acids Intron: noncoding segments interspersed amongst exons
44
Role of RNA
The "go-between" molecule that links DNA to proteins (copies DNA code in the nucleus, and carries it into cytoplasm to ribosomes)
45
RNA vs DNA
RNA had ribose instead of deoxyribose RNA has uracil substituted for thymine
46
3 types of RNA and their functions
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs. 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): site of protein synthesis. 3.Transfer RNA (tRNA): decode mRNA's message for amino acid sequence in the polypeptide to be built.
47
Transcription
DNA information coded in mRNA
48
Translation
mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides. Anticodon at the other end of the triplet code determines which amino acid will be bound at the stem
49
3 events of translation
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

Physiology (3 decks)

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