CHAPTER 2 - Chemistry Comes Alive

Question 1

4 element that make up 96% of the body

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 2

Synthesis

Answer 2

Atoms/molecules combining to form larger ones

A+B=AB

Question 3

Decomposition

Answer 3

Breakdown of molecules into smaller ones

AB=A+B

Question 4

Exchange/displacement

Answer 4

Synthesis & decomposition

AB+CD=AD+BC

Question 5

Exergonic (catabolic)

Answer 5

Reaction that results in a net release of energy

Question 6

Endergonic (anabolic)

Answer 6

Reaction that results in net absorption of energy

Question 7

Inorganic vs. organic compounds

Answer 7

Organic compounds contain carbon, inorganic compounds don’t

Question 8

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 8

Monomers are joined by the removal of OH from one monomer and the removal of H from the other monomer (H20 molecule is produced)

Question 9

Hydrolysis

Answer 9

Monomers are released by the addition of an H20 molecule. Adds OH to one and O to the other

Question 10

What are carbohydrates made up of and what’s the primary function?

What’s the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

Answer 10

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Contains C, H & O.

Monosaccharides are simple sugars, containing single-chain structures.

Disaccharides are double-sugars, which are formed when 2 monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars linked through dehydration synthesis.

Question 11

What do lipids contain?

What are the 3 different kinds?

Answer 11

Contains C, H, O (less than carbohydrates) and sometimes P

Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.

Question 12

What are triglycerides?

What are the 3 types of fats?

Answer 12

Triglycerides are known as fats when solid and oil when liquid. They’re composed of fatty acids and glycerol.

1. Saturated fats - single covalent bonds
2. Unsaturated fats - double bonds
3. Trans fats - Oils that have been solidified by the addition of H molecules. Increase the risk of heart disease.

Question 13

What are phospholipids?

Answer 13

Phospholipids are modified triglycerides. Contains 3 instead of 2 fatty acid chains. The 3rd is replaced by a phosphate group (PO4), which becomes the hydrophilic end of the molecule.

Question 14

What are steroids?

Answer 14

Flat molecules made of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Cholesterol is the basis for all steroids formed in the body.

Question 15

What atoms form proteins? What type of bonds hold the amino acids together

Answer 15

C, H, N, O and sometimes P and S.

Peptide bonds.

Question 16

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 16

1. Primary structure: A sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain
2. Secondary structure: The primary chain forms spirals (a-helices) and sheets (B-sheets)
3. Tertiary structure: Secondary structures fold up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds.
4. Quaternary structure: 2+ tertiary structures combine to form a functional protein

Question 17

Protein denaturation

Answer 17

When globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape

Question 18

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 18

Composed of C, H, O, N, and P. Made up of nucleotides. Forms DNA and RNA.