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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

structural units of all living things

A

CELLS

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2
Q

Who discovered the cell?

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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3
Q

A generalized cell is composed of?

A

a plasma membrane, a nucleus, and the cytoplasm

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4
Q

a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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5
Q

“sugar-proteins”
determine your blood type

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

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6
Q

fuzzy, sticky, and sugar-rich area

A

GLYCOCALYX

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7
Q

an epithelial cell is shown to adjacent cells

A

CELL JUNCTIONS

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8
Q

are impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leak-proof sheets

A

TIGHT JUNCTION

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9
Q

are anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells. they prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

A

DESMOSOMES

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10
Q

function mainly to allow communication

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

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11
Q

the neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins are called

A

CONNEXONS

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12
Q

“headquarters”, or the control center

A

NUCLEUS

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13
Q

blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body

A

DNA OR ?

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14
Q

the nuclear boundary is a double membrane barrier

A

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE or NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

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15
Q

the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse, generating openings

A

NUCLEAR PORES

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16
Q

the nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid

A

NUCLEOPLASM

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17
Q

the nucleus contains one or more small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies

A

NUCLEOLI

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18
Q

are sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled

A

NUCLEOLI

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19
Q

a loose network of “beads on a string”

A

CHROMATIN

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20
Q

the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

A

CYTOPLASM

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21
Q

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other element

A

CYTOSOL

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22
Q

are specialized cellular compartments that are the metabolic machinery of the cell

A

ORGANELLES

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23
Q

are usually depicted as tiny, beanlike, or sausage-shaped organelles

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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24
Q

inner membrane has shelflike protrusions

A

CRISTAE

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25
Q

are the actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell

A

RIBOSOMES

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26
Q

it severs as a mini circulatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances (primarily protein) from one part of the cell to another

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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27
Q

proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites

A

ROUGH ER

28
Q

carry substances around the cell

A

TRANSPORT

29
Q

functions in lipid metabolism (cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis and breakdown) and detoxification of drugs and pesticle

A

SMOOTH ER

30
Q

major function is to modify, package, and ship proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

31
Q

sacs that travel to the plasma membrane

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

32
Q

the enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

PEROXISOMES

33
Q

sites of intracellular digestion. the “stomach” of the cell

A

LYSOSOMES

34
Q

support the cell and give it shape. involved in intracellular and cellular movements. from centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present

A

MICROTUBULES

35
Q

involved in muscular contraction and other types of intracellular movement

A

MICROFILAMENTS

36
Q

resist mechanical forces acting on the cell; help to form desmosomes

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

36
Q

organize a microtubule network during cell division to form the mitotic spindle and asters

A

CENTRIOLES

36
Q

has an elongated shape, like the cable-like fibers that it secretes

A

FIBROBLAST

37
Q

this cell carries oxygen in the blood

A

ERYTHROCYTE (red blood cell)

38
Q

these cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile microfilaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones, pump blood, or change the size of internal organs to move substances around the body

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells

39
Q

abundant intermediate filaments and desmosomes that resist tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled

A

EPITHELIAL CELL

40
Q

the huge spherical shape of a fat cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm

A

FAT CELL

41
Q

this cell extends long pseudopods (“false feet”) to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

42
Q

this cell has long pro- cesses (extensions) for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body

A

NERVE CELL

43
Q

the largest cell in the body

A

smallest cell

44
Q

smallest cell

A

SPERM

45
Q

a solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

46
Q

contains thousands of ingredients, including nutrients, regulatory substances

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID or INTERSTITIAL FLUID

47
Q

a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

48
Q

the process by which molecules (and ions) move away from areas where they are less concentrated

A

DIFFUSION

49
Q

unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

50
Q

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

OSMOSIS

51
Q

provides passage for certain needed substances (notable glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores or charged

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

52
Q

the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure

A

FILTRATION

53
Q

solutions have the same solute and water concentrations as cells do

A

ISOTONIC

54
Q

a solution that contains more solutes than there are inside the cells

A

HYPERTONIC

55
Q

a solution contains fewer solutes than the cell does

A

HYPOTONIC

56
Q

the mechanism that cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other cell products or to eject certain cellular wastes

A

EXOCYTOSIS

57
Q

includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a vesicle

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

58
Q

a term that means “cell eating”

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

59
Q

cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid

A

PINOCYTOSIS

60
Q

the series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides

A

CELL LIFE CYCLE

61
Q

the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

62
Q

a tissue that connects body parts

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

63
Q

highly specialize to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

64
Q

internal communication and control

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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