Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Flashcards
structural units of all living things
CELLS
Who discovered the cell?
ROBERT HOOKE
A generalized cell is composed of?
a plasma membrane, a nucleus, and the cytoplasm
a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment
PLASMA MEMBRANE
“sugar-proteins”
determine your blood type
GLYCOPROTEINS
fuzzy, sticky, and sugar-rich area
GLYCOCALYX
an epithelial cell is shown to adjacent cells
CELL JUNCTIONS
are impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leak-proof sheets
TIGHT JUNCTION
are anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells. they prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart
DESMOSOMES
function mainly to allow communication
GAP JUNCTIONS
the neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins are called
CONNEXONS
“headquarters”, or the control center
NUCLEUS
blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body
DNA OR ?
the nuclear boundary is a double membrane barrier
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE or NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
the two layers of the nuclear envelope fuse, generating openings
NUCLEAR PORES
the nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid
NUCLEOPLASM
the nucleus contains one or more small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies
NUCLEOLI
are sites where cell structures called ribosomes are assembled
NUCLEOLI
a loose network of “beads on a string”
CHROMATIN
the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
CYTOPLASM
semitransparent fluid that suspends the other element
CYTOSOL
are specialized cellular compartments that are the metabolic machinery of the cell
ORGANELLES
are usually depicted as tiny, beanlike, or sausage-shaped organelles
MITOCHONDRIA
inner membrane has shelflike protrusions
CRISTAE
are the actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell
RIBOSOMES
it severs as a mini circulatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances (primarily protein) from one part of the cell to another
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites
ROUGH ER
carry substances around the cell
TRANSPORT
functions in lipid metabolism (cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis and breakdown) and detoxification of drugs and pesticle
SMOOTH ER
major function is to modify, package, and ship proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination
GOLGI APPARATUS
sacs that travel to the plasma membrane
SECRETORY VESICLES
the enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
PEROXISOMES
sites of intracellular digestion. the “stomach” of the cell
LYSOSOMES
support the cell and give it shape. involved in intracellular and cellular movements. from centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present
MICROTUBULES
involved in muscular contraction and other types of intracellular movement
MICROFILAMENTS
resist mechanical forces acting on the cell; help to form desmosomes
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
organize a microtubule network during cell division to form the mitotic spindle and asters
CENTRIOLES
has an elongated shape, like the cable-like fibers that it secretes
FIBROBLAST
this cell carries oxygen in the blood
ERYTHROCYTE (red blood cell)
these cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile microfilaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones, pump blood, or change the size of internal organs to move substances around the body
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells
abundant intermediate filaments and desmosomes that resist tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled
EPITHELIAL CELL
the huge spherical shape of a fat cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm
FAT CELL
this cell extends long pseudopods (“false feet”) to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
this cell has long pro- cesses (extensions) for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body
NERVE CELL
the largest cell in the body
smallest cell
smallest cell
SPERM
a solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
contains thousands of ingredients, including nutrients, regulatory substances
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID or INTERSTITIAL FLUID
a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
the process by which molecules (and ions) move away from areas where they are less concentrated
DIFFUSION
unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
OSMOSIS
provides passage for certain needed substances (notable glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores or charged
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure
FILTRATION
solutions have the same solute and water concentrations as cells do
ISOTONIC
a solution that contains more solutes than there are inside the cells
HYPERTONIC
a solution contains fewer solutes than the cell does
HYPOTONIC
the mechanism that cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other cell products or to eject certain cellular wastes
EXOCYTOSIS
includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a vesicle
ENDOCYTOSIS
a term that means “cell eating”
PHAGOCYTOSIS
cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid
PINOCYTOSIS
the series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides
CELL LIFE CYCLE
the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
a tissue that connects body parts
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
highly specialize to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement
MUSCLE TISSUE
internal communication and control
NERVOUS TISSUE
