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Anatomy > Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Cells are primarily made up of what four elements?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A

1) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
2) The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.
3) According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific sub-cellular structure.
4) Continuity of life has a cellular basis.

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2
Q

Living cells are made up of what percent of water?

A

60%

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3
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

It is a dilute salt water solution, something like seawater, that the body cells are constantly bathed in.

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4
Q

What are the three main regions or parts of all generalized cells?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane.

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5
Q

DNA

A

It is much like a blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body.

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6
Q

What are the three recognizable regions or structures of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin.

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7
Q

Nuclear pores

A

These pours penetrate through the fused regions, and allow certain substances to pass through it freely.

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8
Q

What are the cytoplasm’s three major elements?

A

Cytosine, organelles, and inclusions

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9
Q

Cells

A

The building blocks of all living things

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9
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of cell, contains DNA, necessary for cell reproduction.

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11
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Encloses the jelly-like fluid nucleoplasm in which other nuclear elements are suspended

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12
Q

Nucleoli

A

One or more may be present in the nucleus, site of ribosome assembly

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

When a cell is not dividing, its DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called _________.

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14
Q

Chromosomes

A

When a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rod-like bodies called ___________.

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15
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment.

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16
Q

Hydrophobic

A

The __________ makeup of the membrane interior makes the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most water-soluble molecules.

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17
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Impermeable, bind cells together into leak-proof sheets

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

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18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow communication between cells

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cellular material outside the nucleus, inside the plasma membrane. The “factory area” of the cell.

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20
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi-transparent fluid that suspends other elements

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21
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products. May or may not be present depending on cell type

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22
Q

Organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of the cell

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

The “powerhouse” organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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24
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis found in two locations: free in cytoplasm, as part of rough ER

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25
Q

ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Fluid filled tubules for carrying substances

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26
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins (“Traffic Director”), produces different types of packages

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27
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes that digest worn out or non-usable materials within the cell

28
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde and break down free radicals. Replicate by pinching in half

29
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

30
Q

Microfilaments

A

Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell’s cytoskeleton

31
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Rope-like strands of protein that help to form desmosomes and resist pulling forces on the cell, located in the cell’s cytoskeleton

32
Q

Microtubules

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

33
Q

Centrioles

A

Rod shaped bodies made of a pinwheel array of fine microtubules, lie at right-angles to each other and direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

34
Q

Cilia

A

Move materials across the cell surface (located in the respiratory system to move mucus)

35
Q

Cell Extensions

A

Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli

36
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface and increase surface area for absorption.

37
Q

Cells that connect body parts

A

Fibroblast (has abundant rough ER and a large golgi to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers), and Erythrocyte (red blood cell): carries oxygen in bloodstream.

38
Q

Cells that cover and line body organs l

A

Epithelial cells (shape allows packing together)

39
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts

A

Skeletal muscle and Smooth muscle cells - These cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile filaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones or change the size of internal organs.

40
Q

Cells that store nutrients

A

Fat cells - Produced by large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm.

41
Q

Cells that fight disease

A

Macrophages (phagocytic cells): extends long pseudopods to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites.

42
Q

Cells that gathers information and control body functions

A

Nerve cells (neuron) - This cell has long processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body. The processes are covered with an extensive plasma membrane, and a plentiful rough ER is present to synthesize membrane components.

43
Q

Membrane Transport

A

Movement of substances into and out of a cell

44
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis, diffusion or filtration.

45
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles distribute themselves evenly and movement is from high concentration to low or down concentration gradient.

46
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Unassisted, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores.

47
Q

Osmosis

A

A type of passive transport that occurs when water diffuses through a cell membrane. Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins.

48
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.

49
Q

Filtration

A

Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure.

50
Q

Active Transport (ATP)

A

Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion because they are too large, not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane, or have to move against a concentration gradient.

51
Q

Solute Pumps

A

Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by protein carriers called _________.

52
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Involves the movement of materials within small membranous sacks;
always active; two major categories: endocytosis & exocytosis

53
Q

Exocytosis

A

Active transport process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out.

54
Q

Endocytosis

A

Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell’s plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell.

55
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular “eating”; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.

56
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

57
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixture of two or more components

58
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving medium, typically water in the body

59
Q

Solutes

A

Components in smaller quantities within a solution

60
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and that provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body.

61
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Fluid within cell membrane; aka cytoplasm + nucleoplasm

62
Q

Selective Permeability Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others; influences movement into and out of the cell

A

Selective Permeability Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others; influences movement into and out of the cell

63
Q

Interphase

A

The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Accounts for 90% of the cell cycle.

64
Q

Cell Division

A

Cell replicates to produce more cells for growth and repair process

65
Q

DNA Replication

A

Genetic material is duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells, occurs toward the end of the interphase.

66
Q

Mitosis

A

In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

67
Q

Prophase

A

First part of cell division in which centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers, DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

68
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis, in which chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell.

69
Q

Anaphase

A

Third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles, cell begins to elongate.

70
Q

Telophase

A

Final stage of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms around each new set of chromosomes, spindles break down and disappear.

71
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The final stage of the cell cycle. Division of the cytoplasm begins when mitosis is near completion. A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts, results in the formation of two daughter cells.

Anatomy (2 decks)

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