Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells and Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Cells are primarily made up of what four elements?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Cell Theory

A

1) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
2) The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells.
3) According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific sub-cellular structure.
4) Continuity of life has a cellular basis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Living cells are made up of what percent of water?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

It is a dilute salt water solution, something like seawater, that the body cells are constantly bathed in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three main regions or parts of all generalized cells?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA

A

It is much like a blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three recognizable regions or structures of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nuclear pores

A

These pours penetrate through the fused regions, and allow certain substances to pass through it freely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the cytoplasm’s three major elements?

A

Cytosine, organelles, and inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells

A

The building blocks of all living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of cell, contains DNA, necessary for cell reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Encloses the jelly-like fluid nucleoplasm in which other nuclear elements are suspended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleoli

A

One or more may be present in the nucleus, site of ribosome assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromatin

A

When a cell is not dividing, its DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called _________.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromosomes

A

When a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rod-like bodies called ___________.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrophobic

A

The __________ makeup of the membrane interior makes the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most water-soluble molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Impermeable, bind cells together into leak-proof sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow communication between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cellular material outside the nucleus, inside the plasma membrane. The “factory area” of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi-transparent fluid that suspends other elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products. May or may not be present depending on cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell
23
Mitochondria
The "powerhouse" organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
24
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis found in two locations: free in cytoplasm, as part of rough ER
25
ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Fluid filled tubules for carrying substances
26
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins ("Traffic Director"), produces different types of packages
27
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes that digest worn out or non-usable materials within the cell
28
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde and break down free radicals. Replicate by pinching in half
29
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
30
Microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton
31
Intermediate filaments
Rope-like strands of protein that help to form desmosomes and resist pulling forces on the cell, located in the cell's cytoskeleton
32
Microtubules
A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
33
Centrioles
Rod shaped bodies made of a pinwheel array of fine microtubules, lie at right-angles to each other and direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
34
Cilia
Move materials across the cell surface (located in the respiratory system to move mucus)
35
Cell Extensions
Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli
36
Microvilli
Finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface and increase surface area for absorption.
37
Cells that connect body parts
Fibroblast (has abundant rough ER and a large golgi to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers), and Erythrocyte (red blood cell): carries oxygen in bloodstream.
38
Cells that cover and line body organs l
Epithelial cells (shape allows packing together)
39
Cells that move organs and body parts
Skeletal muscle and Smooth muscle cells - These cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile filaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones or change the size of internal organs.
40
Cells that store nutrients
Fat cells - Produced by large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm.
41
Cells that fight disease
Macrophages (phagocytic cells): extends long pseudopods to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites.
42
Cells that gathers information and control body functions
Nerve cells (neuron) - This cell has long processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body. The processes are covered with an extensive plasma membrane, and a plentiful rough ER is present to synthesize membrane components.
43
Membrane Transport
Movement of substances into and out of a cell
44
Passive Transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis, diffusion or filtration.
45
Diffusion
Particles distribute themselves evenly and movement is from high concentration to low or down concentration gradient.
46
Simple Diffusion
Unassisted, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores.
47
Osmosis
A type of passive transport that occurs when water diffuses through a cell membrane. Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins.
48
Facilitated Diffusion
Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.
49
Filtration
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure.
50
Active Transport (ATP)
Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion because they are too large, not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane, or have to move against a concentration gradient.
51
Solute Pumps
Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by protein carriers called _________.
52
Vesicular Transport
Involves the movement of materials within small membranous sacks; always active; two major categories: endocytosis & exocytosis
53
Exocytosis
Active transport process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out.
54
Endocytosis
Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell.
55
Phagocytosis
Cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.
56
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
57
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more components
58
Solvent
Dissolving medium, typically water in the body
59
Solutes
Components in smaller quantities within a solution
60
Interstitial fluid
Fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and that provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body.
61
Intracellular fluid
Fluid within cell membrane; aka cytoplasm + nucleoplasm
62
Selective Permeability Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others; influences movement into and out of the cell
Selective Permeability Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others; influences movement into and out of the cell
63
Interphase
The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Accounts for 90% of the cell cycle.
64
Cell Division
Cell replicates to produce more cells for growth and repair process
65
DNA Replication
Genetic material is duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells, occurs toward the end of the interphase.
66
Mitosis
In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
67
Prophase
First part of cell division in which centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers, DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears
68
Metaphase
Second stage of mitosis, in which chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell.
69
Anaphase
Third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles, cell begins to elongate.
70
Telophase
Final stage of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms around each new set of chromosomes, spindles break down and disappear.
71
Cytokinesis
The final stage of the cell cycle. Division of the cytoplasm begins when mitosis is near completion. A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts, results in the formation of two daughter cells.

Anatomy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions