Chapter 1 - The Human Body Flashcards
Physiology
Is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Anatomy
Is the the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another.
What are the levels of structural organization that make up the human body?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Systematic, and Organismal
How many organ systems make up a living human being?
Eleven
What are the organ systems that make up a living human being?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive.
What is the Integumentary System?
It is the external covering of the body, the skin. It water proofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissue from injury.
What is the Skeletal System?
It consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It supports the body and provides framework.
What is the Muscular System?
It is the large, fleshy muscles attached to the bones. They contract so movement can occur.
What is the Nervous System?
It is the body’s fast acting control system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. They respond to irritants or stimuli coming from outside the body.
What is the Endocrine System?
It controls the body’s activity by producing hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.
What is the Cardiovascular System?
It is the heart and blood vessels; they transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, etc.
What is the Lymphatic System?
It’s organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. They pick up fluids leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood.
What is the Respiratory System?
Its job is to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide. It consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and tiny air sacs.
What is the Digestive System?
Its role is to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells, and send the undigested food out of the body through the anus as feces.
What is the Urinary System?
It remove the nitrogen-containing waist from the body as urine.
What is the Reproductive System?
It exists primarily to produce offspring. The testes of the male produce sperm, and the ovaries of the female produce eggs, or ova.
Necessary Life Functions
Movement, Responsive, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproductive, and Growth
Movement
Includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another and manipulating the external environment with our fingers.
Responsiveness
Is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then to react to them.
Digestion
Is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood.
Metabolism
Is the broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
Excretion
Is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body.
Reproduction
The production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or Organismal level.
Growth
Is an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.
Survival Needs
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Nutrients
Contains the chemical used for energy and cell building.
Oxygen
All the nutrients in the world are useless without it. Human cells can only survive for only a few minutes without it.
Water
It makes up about 60 to 80 percent of body weight. It is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body.
Normal Body Temperature
If chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining levels a 37C (98F) temperature must be maintained. If it drops or rises death occurs.
Atmospheric Pressure
This is the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air. Breathing in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure.
Homeostasis
This describes the body’sability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.
Receptor
A type of sensor that monitors and response to changes in the environment.
The Control Center
This determines the level at which variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.
Effector
This provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus.
