Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards
What is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
Separates the inside from the outside
What role does the plasma membrane play?
cellular activity
Fluid Mosaic Model Lipid Bilayer (plasma membrane) has 4 things:
hydrophobic tails hydrophilic heads cholesterol proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model What are hydrophobic tails?
does not interact with water (on inside)
Fluid Mosaic Model What are hydrophilic heads?
does interact with water (on outside)
Fluid Mosaic Model What does cholesterol do?
Stabilizes
Fluid Mosaic Model Proteins are
imbedded in bilayer
Fluid Mosaic Model Proteins have
channels receptors carriers all for hormones
Glycocalyx are branching sugar groups that
work to protect out membrane from injury
Glycolipids are
lipids with carbohydrate attached
Glycolipids provide
energy and cellular recognition
A glycoprotein is
a protein with a carbohydrate attached
Glycoproteins aid in
binding and cellular recognition
How are glycoproteins involved in embryonic development?
The guide embryonic cells through the body
How are glycoproteins involved with in cancer?
they will alter or change the cancer
With cancer, that alteration will trigger and destroy those cells, that is called
glycocalyx
Glycoproteins involvement with reproduction?
helps sperm find the egg cellular recognition
Glycoproteins involvement with blood?
plays a roll with compatibility recognition between blood types
3 membrane junctions
Tight junction Desmosomes Gap junction
Tight junction is
impermeable junction that encircles the cell Nothing can go back and forth found between adjacent cells
Tight junction is found
in our digestive tract
Desmosomes are
anchoring junction they aren’t going anywhere scattered along the sides of a cell
Desmosomes are found in
the skin and muscle
Gap junction is
the connection nexus allows chemical substance to pass between cells
What are connexons?
Hollow cylinders that connect cells
Gap junctions are found in
the heart
Ribosomes
mitochondria
Passive membrane transport is
Diffusion and filtration
what are 5 types of passive transport?
- Diffusion
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Filtration
Diffusion is
the movement of particles DOWN or alond their concentration gradient (down: high to low)
Simple diffusion is
diffusion of nonpolar and lipid-soluable substances
In simple diffusion, they diffuse directly through
the lipid bilayer.
it is nonpolar (no charge)
Simple diffusion deals with the transports of:
oxygen, CO2, fats, urea
Facilitated diffusion is
the transport of glucose, amino acids and ions
(ions have charge)
What happens in facilitate diffusion?
Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through water filled protein channels.
Osmosis is
the diffusion of water across a semi-permiable membrane.
moves high to low
could be traveling inward or could be traveling outward
Filtration is
the passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
example: kidneys
pressure gradient does what?
pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area
Tonicity is
how a solution affects cell volume
the ability of a solution to change shape or tone of the cells by altering the internal volume of water
Iso means
same
isotonic is a solution
with the same solute concentration as that if the cytosol
hypertonic solutions have
greater solute concentration than that of cytosol
hypotonic solutions have
lesser solute concentrations that that of cytosol
Two types of diffusion are
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
solute is
substances present in smaller amounts (dissolved in the solvent)
solvent is
the substance present in the greatest amount
usually liquids
Active Member Transport:
carrier proteins used to move against the concentration gradient
ATP is required for
transport of solutes across a membrane
Types of active transport
- symport system
- sy antiport system
- primary active transport
- secondary active transport
Symport system is when
two substances are moved across the membrane in the same direction
Antiport is when
two substances are moved across the membrane in the opposite direction
examples of primary active transport
sodium potassium pump
examples of secondary active transport
sodium glucose symport
sodium calcium anteport
what are the 8 steps of the sodium potassium pump?
- 3 sodium bing to the pump from the inside
- ATP binds to the pump on the inside
- ATP becomes ADP and that causes the pump to turn on
- confirmational change-opens to the other side
- Sodium is released
- 2 potassium bind from the outside
- phosphate is kicked off
- confirmational change-opens back up to the inside
Passive Transport Overview
*simple
*facilitated
*osmosis
*filtration
Active Transport Overview
*symport (sym means same)
*antiport (anti means opposite)
*Primary (uses hydrolisys of ATP)
*Secondary
Vesicular transport is
the transport of large particles arcoss plasma membranes
6 types of Vesicular Transport
- Exocytosis
- Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Receptor mediated endocytosis
- Non-clathrin-coated vesicles
Exocytosis moves
substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space
what is typically released in exocytosis?
exocytosis moves nuerotransmitters, hormones/mucus
endocytosis enables
large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell
phagocytosis is
“cell eating”
it engulfs large solids and brings them in the cell interior
pinocyctosis is
“cell drinking”
the plasma membrane infolds bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell.
receptor mediated endocytosis is when
clathrin coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis
non-clathrin-coated vesicles are
platforms for a variety of signaling molecules
Mitosis is
diploid to diploid
Meiosis II resembles
mitosis
Meiosis is
diploid to haploids
define cytoplasm
“cell forming material”
the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
define cytoplasmic organelles
each organelle has its own job to maintain the life of the cell
cytosol is
semitransparent fulid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
what are inclusions?
chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on the cell type
organelles are
the metabolic machinery of the cell
mitochondria are
usually thread-like or lozenge shaped membranous organelles
ribosomes are
small dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNAs called robosomal RNAs
endoplasmic reticulum is
an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavitites
rough ER is
studded with ribosomes
smooth ER
is continuous with rough ER and consists of tubules arranged in a looping network
Golgi apparatus
consists of staced and flattened membranous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates, associated with swarms of tiny membranous vesicles
“The traffic director”
peroxisomes are
spherical membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes.
like small lysosomes
lysosomes
are spherical membranous organelles containing activated digestive enzymes
what organelles are involved in protein synthesis?
ribosomes, nucleous, rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
Why is cell division important?
*organism growth
*reproduction
*tissue repair
example of frequent cell division
embryo
example of less frequent cell division
mature nerve cells
example of cells that do not divide
nerve cells and kidney cells
What is chromatin?
the material of which chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. It consists of proteins, RNA and DNA.
PMAT
Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
