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Bio 120 A&P > chapter 3- cells > Flashcards

chapter 3- cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are cells?

A

the basic, living, structural, and functional units of the body

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2
Q

The scientific study of cells is called

A

cell biology or cytology.

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment (everything inside the cell) from the external environment (everything outside the cell).

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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5
Q

what are the two components the cytoplasm contains

A

cytosol and organelles

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6
Q

cytosol

A

it is the fluid inside the cytoplasm the gel in which the organelles are anchored in

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7
Q

nucleus

A

is a large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA

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8
Q

chromosome

A

a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins

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9
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell, is best described by using a structural model

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10
Q

lipid bilayer

A

two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules—phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

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11
Q

proteins are

A

are “gatekeepers” for certain molecules and ions

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12
Q

phospholipids

A

it’s about 75% of the membrane lipids. lipids that contain phosphorus. looks like a head and tail.

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13
Q

Polar head

A

hydrophilic head. It likes water

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14
Q

Non-polar tail

A

Hydrophobic tail. Does not like water

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15
Q

cholesterol

A

20% of lipids. a steroid with an attached OH (hydroxyl) group

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16
Q

glycolipids

A

5% of lipids. lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

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17
Q

The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipids are

A

amphipathic

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18
Q

amphipathic

A

molecules, which means that they have both polar and nonpolar parts

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19
Q

Membrane proteins are classified as

A

integral or peripheral according to whether they are firmly embedded in the membrane

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20
Q

Integral proteins

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it

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21
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

which is Most integral proteins. means that they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

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22
Q

peripheral proteins

A

are not as firmly embedded in the membrane. They are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.

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23
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that extend into the extra cellular fluid

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24
Q

glycocalyx

A

The carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat

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25
Q

ion channels

A

pores or holes that specific ions, such as potassium ions (K+), can flow through to get into or out of the cell. Most ion channels are selective; they allow only a single type of ion to pass through.

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26
Q

a cell is made out of

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
Nucleus

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27
Q

Functions of the membrane protein

A 
channel
transporter 
receptor 
Cell Identity Marker
Linker
Act as Enzyme
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28
Q

channel protein (integral)

A

would be like a hallway that’s always open and molecules can pass through into the cell

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29
Q

Transporter Proteins (integral)

A

will still be specific to what it brings in, it binds and changes the shape and moves it across the membrane into the cell or out

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30
Q

Receptor Proteins (integral)

A

bind to substance. will sit on the surface or in the membrane and a specific substance, and will cause a change in the cell.

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31
Q

Cell Identity Marker (glycoprotein)

A

recognize self vs. non-self

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32
Q

Linker (integral & peripheral)

A

anchor proteins in cell membrane or to other cells

- cell shape & structure

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33
Q

Act as Enzyme (integral & peripheral)

A

speed up reactions

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34
Q

molecules moves down the concentration gradient from

A

High to low because it does not require any energy

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35
Q

why doesn’t molecules want to move from high to low from the concentration gradient

A

because high to low would require energy

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36
Q

Transport processes

A

Active and passive transport

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37
Q

Passive transport

A

move “down” their concentration gradient

-requires No energy

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38
Q

Active transport

A

move a substance against its [gradient]

-Requires energy (ATP)

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39
Q

types of passive transports

A

Diffusion of solutes

Osmosis = Diffusion of water

Facilitated diffusion

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40
Q

Diffusion aka Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from [H] → [L]
“down” or “with” the [ ] gradient
Uses no ATP

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41
Q

Osmosis

A

The net (overall) movement of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane from [H] → [L] (from lower [] of solutes → higher [] of solutes).

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42
Q

if there is a lot of water in a space means there is less

A

solutes (Na, K)

43
Q

for osmosis you can’t have

A

high and high or low and low

44
Q

To stop osmosis is an

A

osmotic pressure

45
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The amount of pressure that would have to be applied to 1 side of a selectively permeable membrane in order to stop osmosis.

46
Q

Filtration

A

The process where fluid & particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by Hydrostatic Pressure.

47
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

A carrier-mediated process
Uses a membrane bound (transmembrane) protein
[H] to [L]
Uses no ATP

48
Q

Active transport pt.2

A 
A carrier-mediated process
Uses a membrane bound (transmembrane) protein called a pump
[L] to [H] (or even [H] to [L])
Uses ATP 
        -requires 40% of cellular ATP

Sodium-Potassium Pump
(Na+/K+ ATPase pump) 
most common example
all cells have 1000s of them
maintains low concentration of Na+
& a high concentration of K+ inside cell
2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out
operates continually

49
Q

Vesicular Transport of Particles

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis (requires no ATP)

50
Q

Endocytosis

A

bringing something into cell

51
Q

receptor-mediated

A

binds to receptor on surface

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Eating other cells like dead cells or waste, viruses by WBC and macrophages
53
Q

pinocytosis aka bulk phase endocytosis

A
  • Whatever material that the cell brings in is liquid. basically
    cells drinking
54
Q

Exocytosis

A

release something from cell

  • Vesicles form inside cell, fuse to cell membrane
  • Release their contents
  • digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters or waste products
55
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume w/i a cell. If a solute can’t pass through a plasma membrane, but remains more concentrated on 1 side than on the other, it will cause osmosis.

56
Q

Types of tonicity

A

Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution

57
Q

Isotonic

A

means the concentration of water is equal or similar to the concentration of the solutes.

58
Q

Hydrotonic

A

is when there’s more water than solutes making the cell swell (cause the cell to burst)
aka bursting= lysis

59
Q

Hypertonic

A

is when the solutes is greater than the water(shrinks the cell)
aka shrinking=crenation

60
Q

Nucleus

A

Large organelle w/ double membrane nuclear envelope. Has it own membrane, it’s important because DNA is stored in the nucleus.
Nucleolus is important and must be protected because it produces ribosomes

61
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • spherical, dark bodies w/i the nucleus

- site of ribosome production

62
Q

Chromatin

A

is the storage form of DNA

63
Q

If cell is dividing (mitosis) chromatin folds to form

A

chromosomes

64
Q

Chromosomes are formed from

A

sister chromatids

65
Q

Centrosome

A

Contains 2 centrioles wh/ form the mitotic spindle seen during mitosis

66
Q

Centromere binds

A

2 sister chromatids`

67
Q

Mitochondria

A

is the powerhouse of the cell. Site of ATP synthesis when Oxygen is available. It has a inner and outer membrane

68
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

69
Q

Ribosomal Subunits

A
  • Large + small subunits
  • made in nucleolus
  • assembled in the cytoplasm
70
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Rough ER is covered w/ ribosomes.
  • continuous w/ nuclear envelope & contains ribosomes
  • Synthesizes & processes proteins
71
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranes

72
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Has no ribosomes.
  • synthesizes fatty acids & steroids (estrogen & testosterone)
  • detoxifies harmful substances (alcohol) (many in liver cells)
73
Q

Golgi Complex

A
  • Proteins made in rough ER go to Golgi
  • Golgi complex role is to process, package, & deliver proteins (and lipids) to the plasma membrane & secretory vesicles and lysosomes
74
Q

Packaging by Golgi Complex

A
  • Proteins pass from rough ER to golgi complex in transport vesicles
  • Processed proteins pass from entry to exit in transfer vesicle
  • Finished proteins exit golgi as membrane, secretory, or transport vesicle
75
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest enzymes

76
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • smaller than lysosomes,
  • detoxify toxic substances (ex alcohol) many in liver
  • remove H+ atoms
77
Q

Proteasomes

A
  • destroy unneeded/damaged proteins

- found in cytosol & nucleus

78
Q

Cilia/Flagella

A

Hairlike projections, helps the cells movement

79
Q

Villi/microvilli

A

absorption

80
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

protein network in cytosol

Provides shape and support to cell

81
Q

DNA (Genes)

A

contain instructions for making proteins

82
Q

Protein Synthesis

A 
Transcription = DNA → RNA
Translation = RNA → Proteins
83
Q

The Cell Cycle in Somatic Cells

A
  • Process where cell duplicates its contents & divides in 2.
  • 46 chromosomes duplicated so genes are passed to new cells
  • interphase
  • mitosis
84
Q

Stages of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

85
Q

G1

A

duplicates organelles & cytosolic components

86
Q

S

A

DNA Synthesis (replication)

87
Q

G2

A

make enzymes & other proteins for division

88
Q

Interphase

A

distinct nucleus

absence of chromosomes

89
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin forms visible chromosomes
  • Nucleolus & nuclear envelope disappear
  • Each centrosome moves to oppo ends of cell
90
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatid pairs line up in middle of cell at the metaphase plate

91
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Chromatids (single-stranded chromosomes) separate and move to opposite ends of cell
  • Chromosomes appear V-shaped when pulled
92
Q

Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes reform chromatin
  • Nuclear envelope (membrane) reappears
  • Mitotic spindle breaks up
93
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Division of cytoplasm & organelles
  • Begins in late anaphase w/ formation of cleavage furrow (indentation of cell membrane)
  • Ends w/ 2 daughter cel
94
Q

Mitosis (somatic cell division)

A
  • 1 parent cell gives rise to 2 identical daughter cells
  • Also, mitosis = nuclear division
  • cytokinesis = cytoplasmic division (begins late anaphase)
  • occurs in billions of cells each day for tissue repair & growth
95
Q

Meiosis (reproductive cell division)

A
  • egg and sperm cell production

- in testes & ovary only

96
Q

Cancer =

A

Unregulated growth

97
Q

Benign tumor doesn’t

A

metastasize (spread)

98
Q

Malignant tumor can

A

metastasize (spread)

99
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

100
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

single cells

101
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

many cells

*Nucleus

102
Q

Proteasome

A

Destroy unneeded or damaged proteins

103
Q

Synthesis

A

DNA replication

Bio 120 A&P (5 decks)

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