Chapter 3 - Building a Nation Flashcards
victorian
of or pertaining to the reign of Queen Victoria, someone who shares the values of that period
When did the rush of immigrants to Upper and Lower Canada happen and where were they from?
After the Rebellions of 1837, mostly from the British Isles.
When was the Province of Canada formed?
1841
What set the standard in the British Empire during Queen Victoria’s reign?
Her tastes, values, and behavior. She stressed morals, hard work, personal success, modesty, seriousness, and duty.
How did the British Empire grow stronger and larger?
With the world’s strongest navy.
Discoveries in what were almost made daily?
Science, technology, and medicine.
Were Canadians proud of the British accomplishments in science, technology, and medicine? If yes, why?
Yes, Canadians still thought of themselves as British.
What was the religion of the Irish?
Catholic
What was the religion of Scots?
Prebysterians
What was the religion of the upper and middle class?
Anglican
What was the official church of Upper Canada?
The Anglican Church
What was the official religion of Victorians?
Christianity
Why did people give money to their church?
They felt that it was a responsibility.
Being active in church allowed people to do what?
Show off their wealth.
Where did poorer people immigrate from?
Ireland and Scotland
- little or no education
- worked mostly as manual laborers
- rented farmland in return for part of the harvest
Why did the rich become richer?
There was no income tax.
Most wealthy people were considered what class?
Middle class.
What did Louis Pasteur theorize?
Bacteria caused illness.
middle class
a social class that had very wealthy members without aristocratic heritage
materialistic
valuing material possessions and physical comfort above everything else
huckster
a person who usually uses aggressive selling tactics to make a profit
When did leisure travel become more widespread?
When roads and technology improved.
whist
a card game for four players divided into two teams
How were Victorians kept entertained nightly?
By playing music, dancing, doing craft, and playing games (ie. whist, checkers, chess).
What activities did Victorians like?
Concerts, fairs, circuses, shows, barn raisings, quilting bees, dances, books, magazines, blood sports, swimming, and medicine shows.
What are two blood sports?
Bear baiting and bare-knuckle boxing
What happened at medicine shows?
Hucksters sold mixtures that would “cure everything”.
steam locomotive
- one of the most important new technologies
- trains traveled faster than horseback
- trips were relatively cheap
railroads
- linked up many cities and eventually to the US
- helped boost the economy
- access to new markets and ice-free ports
newspaper
- every town in Canada had one by the mid-1800s
- principal source of new and info
- politicians used them to promote their ideas
- businesses advertised
- often very BIASED
infrastructure
The roads, canals, sewers, public services, transportation networks that allow a community to
function.
reserves
land set aside by governments for the use of First
Nations
assimilate
to join another culture and to give up one’s own language and traditions
enfranchisement
granting someone the rights and protection of a citizen of a particular country
Elders
people respected for their wisdom and understanding of traditional knowledge, kept alive many traditions and stories that continue to this day
bias
strongly favoring a point of view to the point of misrepresenting other views
What had a huge impact on Aboriginal peoples?
Immigration
Where were Aboriginals forced to live?
reserves that were only a fraction of the size of their former traditional territories
What did Aboriginals suffer greatly from?
disease, poverty, and other social problems
Why was Aboriginal culture hard to preserve?
It was based on a close relationship with the land.
Aboriginals were forced to adapt to ________ ways to survive.
European
What did the Aboriginal traditional way of life involve? What did it not involve?
It involved hunting and gathering, NOT agriculture.
What did the Gradual Civilization Act (1857) do?
It was meant to assimilate Aboriginals by making them citizens of Britain.
What did the Gradual Civilization Act become known as in 1876?
the Indian Act
How did Victorians feel about Aboriginals?
They felt they were uncivilized and childlike (noble savages).
What is cultural genocide?
The act of destroying the culture of a people.
GREY OWL
- real name: Archibald Belaney
- wanted to preserve the Canadian wilderness
- developed a rich fantasy life based on North American Aboriginal culture
- left England and befriended an Anishinabé family (learned their customs and traditions)
- married an Iroquois woman
- became an author and filmmaker
- lived the Aboriginal life, essentially as a fraud`
- today, considered a powerful voice for conservation
mercantilism
an economic system based on colonialism in which the home country uses raw goods imported from colonies to manufacture goods
What did the Act of Union (1840) do?
It joined Upper and Lower Canada, becoming Canada West and Canada East.
What did Upper Canada become known as after the Act of Union?
Canada West
What did Lower Canada become known as after the Act of Union?
Canada East
Corn Laws
laws which protected agriculture in the British Empire by limiting the import of grain from other countries
tariff
a duty or charge that must be paid on an imported item
economic depression
a period of low economic activity marked by high unemployment
What happened when Britain repealed the Corn Laws?
- Canadian grain came into Britain with lower tariffs than grain from other countries
- Britain could buy wheat, fluor, and other products
- drove colonies into an economic depression
How did repealing the Corn Laws help Canadian producers?
by increasing profits, but limiting the import of grain from other countries made the cost of bread in Britain expensive
Why did Canadians start to explore the idea of union?
- help economy
- larger markets, more industry, better transportation systems
- a more independent Canadian government could develop its own economic policies
Who was James Bruce?
Lord Elgin (Lord Durham’s son-in-law), Governor General of Canada (1846)
What was Lord Elgin’s job?
to make responsible government a reality in Canada
Rebellion Losses Bill
a bill promising compensation to people of Canada East who suffered property damage during the Rebellions of 1837 with tax money
What would a responsible government do for Canada?
It would help relieve Britain of economic responsibility for the colonies while still keeping them in the Empire (it was becoming to expensive for Britain to continue to govern, defend, and economically support colonies)
Lord Elgin did not like the Rebellion Losses Bill, but why did he sign it?
He wanted to follow the principle of responsible government.
What laid the foundation for Canadian democracy?
Lord Elgin signed the Rebellion Losses Bill even though he didn’t agree with it.
What did people who were upset about the signature on the Rebellion Losses Bill do?
They attacked Elgin’s carriage and burned down the Parliament in Montreal.
What were the 4 major problems of Confederation?
- colonies felt that they would lose their independence
- colonies did not feel any great attachment to the people of other colonies
- the idea of Confederation was conceived by government leaders, not the regular people and therefore they were not convinced
- could cost a lot of money
federation
a union of provinces, each of which keeps certain powers but gives up other powers to a central, national government
annex
to take over a territory and add it to the territory of another country
Manifest Destiny
an American idea that it was the fate of the U.S. to control all of North America
the American Civil War
(war between the States)
- began in 1861, ended in 1865
- industrialized North fought the agricultural South
- a divisive issue was slavery, which the South supported
- army of Northern states won
Could the Northern army have invaded Canada easily? If yes, why?
Yes, Britain had angered the North by supporting the South with worships and money.
whip
person responsible for ensuring discipline and solidarity within a political party
coalition
in politics, when one or more political parties or interest groups work together to achieve a common goal
political party
people who have similar idea and goals
What did political parties form for?
To represent the interests of the French and English, but not for the Aboriginals
platform
described changes a political party wanted to make and how they would make these changes
Who was George-Étienne Cartier?
a wealthy man who invested in railways, and was involved in Lower Canada Rebellions
corruption
in politics, taking bribes or using one’s influence to gain an unfair advantage
representation by population
a form of proportional representation in government where areas with higher populations have more elected officials in government
reciprocity
an agreement that provided fore free trade between the U.S. and British colonies
John A. Macdonald (the Tories) made a deal with which political party to form a government?
Parti Bleu
What was the outcome of the deal between the Tories and the Parti Bleu to form a government?
- major step toward confederation
- helped with problems of double majority
