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PSYC 310 > Chapter 3 Brain & Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Brain & Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Toward the front

A

Anterior

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2
Q

Cortical areas that carry out further processing beyond what the primary projection area does, often combining information from other senses

A

Association Area

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3
Q

The area of cortex on the superior temporal gyrus, which is the primary projection area for auditory information

A

Auditory Cortex

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4
Q

One of the two branches of the peripheral nervous system; it is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control smooth muscle, glands, and the heart and other organs

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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5
Q

The brain’s protection from toxic substances and neurotransmitters in the bloodstream; the small openings in the capillary walls prevent large molecules from passing through unless they are fat soluble or carried through by special transporters

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

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6
Q

The area anterior to the precentral gyrus (motor cortex) that sends output to the facial motor area to produce speech and also provides grammatical structure to language

A

Broca’s Area

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7
Q

The part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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8
Q

The groove between the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe in each hemisphere

A

Central Sulcus

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9
Q

A structure in the hindbrain that contributes the order of muscular contractions and their precise timing to intended movements and helps maintain posture and balance. It is also necessary for learning motor skills and contributes to nonmotor learning and cognitive activities

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

The large, wrinkled structures that are the dorsal or superior part of the brain and that are covered by the cortex

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

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11
Q

Liquid in the ventricles and spinal canal that carries material from the blood vessels to the central nervous system and transports waste materials in the other direction. It also helps cushion the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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12
Q

The third stage of nervous system development, in which the developing neurons send processes to their target cells and form functional connections

A

Circuit Formation

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13
Q

The fourth stage of nervous system development, in which neurons that are unsuccessful in finding a place on the appropriate target cell, or that arrive late, die and excess synapses are eliminated

A

Circuit Pruning

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14
Q

A response to nervous system injury, in which surviving presynaptic neurons sprout new terminals, postsynaptic neurons add more receptors, or surrounding tissue takes over functions

A

Compensation

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15
Q

The largest of the groups of neurons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

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16
Q

The grayish 1.5- to 4-mm-thick surface of the hemispheres, composed mostly of cell bodies, where the highest-level processing occurs in the brain

A

Cortex

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17
Q

The 12 pairs of axonal bundles that enter and leave the underside of the brain; part of the peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial Nerves

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18
Q

Toward the back side of the body

A

Dorsal

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19
Q

The branch of a spinal nerve through which neurons enter the spinal cord

A

Dorsal Root

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20
Q

A condition caused by the mother’s use of alcohol during the third trimester of pregnancy; neurons fail to migrate properly, often resulting in intellectual disability; the leading cause of intellectual disability in the Western world

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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21
Q

A deep groove between gyri of the cerebral hemispheres that is larger than a sulcus

A

Fissure

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22
Q

The area of each cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral fissure

A

Frontal Lobe

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23
Q

A group of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglion

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24
Q

A formation at the tip of a migrating neuron that samples the environment for directional cues

A

Growth Cone

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25
Q

A ridge in the cerebral cortex; the area between two sulci

A

Gyrus

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26
Q

A disorder in which cerebrospinal fluid fails to circulate and builds up in the cerebral ventricles, crowding out neural tissue and usually causing intellectual disability

A

Hydrocephalus

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27
Q

A subcortical structure in the forebrain just below the thalamus that plays a major role in controlling emotion and motivated behaviors, such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity

A

Hypothalamus

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28
Q

Below another structure

A

Inferior

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29
Q

The part of the tectum in the brain stem that is involved in auditory functions, such as locating the direction of sounds

A

Inferior Colliculi

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30
Q

An area in the lower part of the temporal lobe that plays a major role in the visual identification of objects

A

Inferior Temporal Cortex

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31
Q

Toward the side

A

Lateral

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32
Q

The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Lateral Fissure

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33
Q

The large fissure that extends the length of the brain, separating the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal Fissure

34
Q

Toward the middle

A

Medial

35
Q

The lower part of the hindbrain; its nuclei are involved with control of essential life processes, such as cardiovascular activity and respiration

A

Medulla

36
Q

A three-layered membrane that encloses and protects the brain

A

Meninges

37
Q

The middle part of the brain, consisting of the tectum (roof) on the dorsal side and the tegmentum on the ventral side

A

Midbrain

38
Q

In brain development, movement of newly formed neurons from the ventricular zone to their final destinations

A

Migration

39
Q

The area in the frontal lobes that controls voluntary (nonreflexive) body movements; the primary motor cortex is on the precentral gyrus

A

Motor Cortex

40
Q

A disorder in which the person ignores objects, people, and activity on the side opposite the brain damage

A

Neglect

41
Q

A bundle of axons running together in the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerve

42
Q

The birth of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

43
Q

Chemicals that enhance development and survival in neurons

A

Neurotrophins

44
Q

(1) The part of every cell that contains the chromosomes and governs activity in the cell. (2) A group of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system

A

Nucleus

45
Q

The most posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere and the location of the visual cortex

A

Occipital Lobe

46
Q

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that slows the activity of most organs to conserve energy and activates digestion to renew energy.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

47
Q

The part of each cerebral hemisphere located above the lateral fissure and between the central sulcus and the occipital lobe; it contains the somatosensory cortex and visual association areas

A

Parietal Lobe

48
Q

The part of the nervous system made up of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

49
Q

A gland located just posterior to the thalamus that secretes sleep-inducing melatonin; it controls seasonal cycles in nonhuman animals and participates with other structures in controlling daily rhythms in humans

A

Pineal Gland

50
Q

The ability to be modified; a characteristic of the nervous system

A

Plasticity

51
Q

A part of the brain stem that contains centers related to sleep and arousal

A

Pons

52
Q

Toward the rear

A

Posterior

53
Q

The gyrus anterior to, and extending the length of, the central sulcus; the location of the primary motor cortex

A

Precentral Gyrus

54
Q

The most anterior cortex of the frontal lobes; involved in working memory, planning and organization of behavior, and regulation of behavior in response to its consequences. It also integrates information about the body with sensory information from the world to select and plan movements

A

Prefrontal Cortex

55
Q

The first stage in the cortical-level processing of somatosensory information, which is processed through the four subareas of the primary somatosensory cortex and then passed on to the secondary somatosensory cortex

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

56
Q

The first stage of nervous system development, in which cells that will become neurons multiply at the rate of 250,000 new cells every minute

A

Proliferation

57
Q

The use of surgical intervention to treat cognitive and emotional disorders

A

Psychosurgery

58
Q

Specialized glial cells that provide a scaffold for most migrating neurons as they move perpendicularly from the ventricular surface to their final location

A

Radial Glial Cells

59
Q

A simple, automatic movement in response to a sensory stimulus

A

Reflex

60
Q

The growth of severed axons; in mammals, it is limited to the peripheral nervous system

A

Regeneration

61
Q

A shift in neural connections that changes the function of an area of the brain

A

Reorganization

62
Q

A collection of more than 90 nuclei running through the middle of the hindbrain and the midbrain with roles in sleep and arousal, attention, reflexes, and muscle tone

A

Reticular Formation

63
Q

The division of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information into the central nervous system (CNS) and motor commands from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

64
Q

A part of the central nervous system; the spinal nerves, which communicate with the body below the head, enter and leave the spinal cord

A

Spinal Cord

65
Q

The peripheral axonal bundles that enter and leave the spinal cord at each vertebra and communicate with the body below the head

A

Spinal Nerves

66
Q

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into specialized cells, such as neurons, muscle, or blood

A

Stem Cells

67
Q

A medical condition caused by a loss of blood flow in the brain (also known as cerebrovascular accident)

A

Stroke

68
Q

A shallow groove or space between two gyri, not as deep as a fissure

A

Sulcus

69
Q

Above another structure

A

Superior

70
Q

The part of the tectum in the brain stem that is involved in visual functions, such as guiding eye movements and fixation of gaze

A

Superior Colliculi

71
Q

The structure running along each side of the spine through which most sympathetic neurons pass (and may synapse) on their way to and from the body’s organs

A

Sympathetic Ganglion Chain

72
Q

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body in ways that help it cope with demands, such as emotional stress and physical emergencies

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

73
Q

The part of each cerebral hemisphere ventral to the lateral fissure; it contains the auditory cortex, visual and auditory association areas, Wernicke’s area, and structures involved in learning and memory

A

Temporal Lobe

74
Q

A forebrain structure lying just below the lateral ventricles, which receives information from all sensory systems except olfaction and relays it to the respective cortical projection areas. It has additional roles in movement, memory, and consciousness

A

Thalamus

75
Q

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system

A

Tract

76
Q

An injury caused by an external mechanical force, such as a blow to the head, sudden acceleration or deceleration, or penetration

A

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

77
Q

Toward the stomach side

A

Ventral

78
Q

The branch of each spinal nerve through which the motor neurons exit

A

Ventral Root

79
Q

Cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ventricles

80
Q

The part of each occipital lobe where visual information is processed

A

Visual Cortex

81
Q

A brain area just posterior to the auditory cortex (in the left hemisphere in most people) that interprets spoken and written language input and generates spoken and written language

A

Wernicke’s Area

PSYC 310 (5 decks)

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