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Biol 305 > Chapter 3: blood and immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 3: blood and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first lines of defense?

A

Innate (nonspecific) immunity::
- intact skin
- mucous membranes & their secretions
- normal microbiota

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2
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Innate (nonspecific immunity):
- natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells
- inflammation
- fever
- antimicrobial substances

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3
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Acquired immunity::
- specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
- antibodies

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4
Q

What is a CBC?

A
  • Complete blood count
  • blood test to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders including: parasite & pathogen infection, anemia, leukemia
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5
Q

How much of all body cells are RBCs (%)?

A

84%

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6
Q

How many cells out of all the body cells are blood cells (%)?

A

90%

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7
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A
  1. neutrophils (50-70%)
  2. eosinophils (2-4%)
  3. basophils (<1%)
  4. lymphocytes (20-30%)
  5. monocytes (2-8%)
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8
Q

What is the Wright stain?

A
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9
Q

What is a reticulcyte?

A
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10
Q

What are H&E stains?

A
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11
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

A stem cell (pluripotent) comes from bone and then splits into 2 types of stem cells (Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells)
- Myeloid stem cells: turn into blood cells
- lymphoid stem cells: turn into immunity cells (macrophages, Tcels, Bcells, etc.)

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12
Q

What are the types of granular leukocytes? (also be able to recognize)

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
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13
Q

What do basophils do?

A

migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin

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14
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

they are phagocytes that are attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies

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15
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

become macrophage

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16
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

included T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells (natural killer)

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17
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

produce antibodies (humoral immunity) larger than T-cells

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18
Q

what do T-cells do?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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19
Q

What is the order of abundance of WBC (CBC count)?

A
  1. Neutrophils — 60-70%, 4150 (avg. #)
  2. Lymphocytes— 20-25%, 2185 (avg. #)
  3. Macrophages — 3-8%, 456 (avg. #)
  4. Eosinophils — 2-4%, 165 (avg. #)
  5. Basophils — 0.5-1%, 44 (avg. #)
    - Never Let Monkeys Eat Bannanas
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20
Q

What is the normal range for a WBC count?

A

4,500-11,000

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21
Q

What characterizes a bacteria infection?

A

neutrophil count high

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22
Q

What characterizes a viral infection?

A

lymphocyte count high

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23
Q

What characterizes a toxoplasmosis infection?

A

lymphocyte count high

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24
Q

What characterizes a malaria infection?

A

“signet ring” inside RBCs

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25
What characterizes a worm parasite infection?
high eosinophil count
26
What characterizes a tick infection?
high numbers of basophils
27
What characterizes COVID-19?
high numbers of eosinophils are common, as well as large immature platelets in blood clotting
28
What is the difference between a thin & thick blood smeare?
- Thin: needs dried, fixed, and stained - Thick: also dried, fixed, and stained, but also put water on it for the cells to lyse or split apart
29
Which parasite disappears from blood?
Plasmodium Falciparum (malaria) “disappears” from blood, it hides in the lymph nodes, etc. - do blood peripheral blood smear at night because they come out at night more like mosquitos - you need good microscopy, blood stains, and something else to determine the strains of malaria
30
What are some examples of privileged sites in blood cells?
- Plasmodium vivax occupies RBC - leishmania occupies WBC
31
Can parasites invade organs? if so which ones?
- leishmaniasis, malaria, babesiosis, schistosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis all can - invate spleen, liver, and lymph nodes - can cause tissue damage as well as affecting blood and immunity
32
What is the function of the spleen?
red and white blood cell filtration — numbers are critical to health
33
What is an acquired immune response?
developed during a specific individuals life time
34
What is humoral immunity?
involves Ab made by B cells in body fluid (in greek humors = fluid)
35
What is cell-mediated immunity?
involves T cells
36
What is the G.O.D principle?
Generator of Diversity (of Ab — Ab = antibodies) - expressing the ability of the body’s ability to manufacture whatever defense is needed
37
What are the 5 types of antibodies?
1. IgM 2. IgG 3. IgA 4. IgD 5.IgE (analogy on slide 23)
38
What does Ig stand for in antibodies?
immunuloglobulin — they are proteins
39
What are IgMs?
- largest of antibodies - principle component of a 1 response - first to arrive, shortest stay
40
What are IgGs?
- most abundant - stays the longest - principal component of 2 response from vaccine - enhances phagocytosis
41
What are IgAs?
- found mainly in secretions - EX: mucous, tears, saliva, milk - numerous in respiratory infections
42
What are IgDs?
- assist B-cell response - facilitates maturation of the secret service antibody response - antigen receptor on some functions of IgD are not known — is a “secret”
43
What are IgEs?
- mainly involved with multicellular (worm) parasitic infections - works with eosinophils - also involved with airborne allergies/allergens
44
know diagram on slide 24 for quiz/test
45
What is a disease?
- the appearance of clinical symptoms - the disease occurrence and severity are usually a function of intensity of infection (number of parasites/host)
46
What is the hygiene hypothesis?
if you are too clean early on in life then you may have troubles later - in other countries they prescribe worms for different infections (helminth therapy - they don’t have enough IgE in the body
47
graph on slide 25 — look at it in powerpoint
48
What does the microbial deprivation hypothesis state?
- the proper development of the animal immune system depends on continuous exposure to a variety of antigens - among them are bacteria and parasites - studies have found an inverse relationship between some autoimmune diseases and parasitic diseases
49
What is the primary response (for adaptive immunity)?
first time the immune system combats a particular substance
50
what is a secondary response (for adaptive response)?
- later interactions with the same foreign substances - faster and more effective due to “memory”
51
What is “adaptive” immunit?
defenses that target a specific pathogen
52
What is an attenuated germ?
- a weakened pathogen to stimulate the antibody - immune system learns from them
53
Who are pioneers in immunity vaccination?
Jenner and Pasteur
54
What is the new malaria vaccine?
- R21 vaccine —> second malaria vaccine recommended by WHO - both of the vaccines are shown safe and effective in malaria prevention in children - expected to have high public health impact
55
Know diagram on slide 32
56
What is immunological memory?
secondary (memory lit. recall) response occurs after the second exposure to antigen
57
What “stores” the pathogen specificity?
the antibody structure - have a heavy chain - antigen binding region from heavy & light chain with grooves in between (binding site between the 2 chains)
58
How does immunizations impact antibody responses?
graph on slide 33 & 34 - shortens the time interval for responses
59
What is antibody titer?
the relative amount of antibody in the serum
60
What is an ELISA test?
- antibody/antigen test (fast &
61
Giardia, crypto, etc
(catch up from slide 35-40)
62
What can DNA changes lead to?
- disease - malfunctioning codes caused problems
63
What is the #1-2 recreational parasitic disease according to the CDC?
1. Cryptosporidiosis 2. Giardia
64
When do Cryptosporidiosis symptoms begin and what are they?
- begin 2-10 days after infected - watery diarrhea - stomach cramps/pain - dehydration - nausea - vomiting - fever
65
What does Giardia colonization stimulate? What does this benefit? Who are they colonized in with no disease?
1. simulates immune response 2. benefits immune system maturity 3. beavers are colonized with no disease
66
What are SNAP tests?
very rapid and easy performed tests that have helped find several local water sources with giardia
67

Biol 305 (5 decks)

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