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Chapter 1: symbiosis & Parasitism Flashcards

1
Q

How often does a child die of Malaria in Africa?

A

Every 30 seconds

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2
Q

All Helminths (infections/deaths)

A

4.465/few

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3
Q

Ascaris (infections/deaths)

A

1472/60 thousand

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4
Q

Hookworms (infections/deaths)

A

1298 million/60 thousands

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5
Q

Trichuris (infections/deaths)

A

1049 million/60 thousands

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6
Q

Filarial worms (infections/deaths)

A

657 million/ 20-50+thousands

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7
Q

Schistosomes (infections/deaths)

A

200 million/0.5-1 million

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8
Q

Malaria (infections/deaths)

A

689 million /1-2 million (150 million new cases/year)

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9
Q

Chagas’ disease (infections/deaths)

A

18 million/50 thousand +

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10
Q

Entamoeoba histolytica (infections/deaths)

A

50 million / 40 thousand

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11
Q

HIV/AIDS infection (infections/deaths)

A

50-60 million/ about 8 million (estimate)

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12
Q

How many children in the world are infected with worms?

A

55 million

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13
Q

What is parasitism?

A

symbiotic relationship in which the parasite is metabolically dependent on the host (either for survival or for reproduction)

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14
Q

What is symbiosis?

A
  • heterospecific organisms live together
  • larger species host: smaller species symbiont
  • 4 types showing range of dependency
  • beauty and fellowship: 2 animals benefit from each other
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15
Q

What are the 4 types of symbiosis?

A
  1. phoresis
  2. commensalism
  3. parasitism
  4. mutualism
    (They can all overlap)
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16
Q

What is phoresis?

A

photons carried by host - no metabolic dependency (EX: pollen on bee leg)

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17
Q

What is commensalism?

A

commensal and host share food — no metabolic dependency (EX: clown fish & sea anemone)

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18
Q

What is mutualism?

A

mutualist & host metabolically dependent on each other (EX: lichen: fungus and alga)

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19
Q

General characteristics of parasites

A
  1. parasites show degrees of host specificity based o physiologically specificity
  2. ecological specificity
  3. Parasite antigens elicit host immune response
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20
Q

What is the only insect hosts for malaria parasites and why? (shows physiological specificity)

A

Anopheles mosquitoes because:
- biochemically suitable (pH, nutrients, osmolarity, etc)
- immunologically tolerant

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21
Q

Ecological specificity

A
  • species are never infected with parasite (even though susceptible)
  • canopy species of anopheles never encounter infected humans so they do not become infected with the human malaria parasite
  • some anopheles are zoophilic
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22
Q

look at immune response things

A
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23
Q

Immunopathology

A
  • a major cause of harm
  • 2 mechanisms:
    1. hypersensitivity
    2. inflammation
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24
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

overstimulation of the immune system, leading to tissue damage
- tissue damage often due to inflammation

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25
What is an example of inflammation causing tissue damage?
inflammation in the brain in response to parasite antigen adhering to blood vessel
26
how does inflammation cause tissue damage?
parasite molecules —> host proinflammatory molecules —> influx of WBCs —> secretion of toxic metabolites (enzymes, free radicals) —> killing of “bystander cells”
27
What is immunosuppression?
- avoids clearance - may also protect host from hypersensitivity - parisitologists study 4 groups: protists, flatworms, roundworms, & arthropods
28
What is an EX of occupation of privileged site?
- no MHC proteins on RBC - antibody cannot cross membrane
29
How can parasites harm hosts?
1. competition for nutrients 2. destruction/alteration of tissues 3. mechanical interference 4. hypersensitivity reactions
30
What is an example of a parasite competing for nutrients?
tapeworms (Diphylobothrium latum) can cause megaloblastic anemia because compete for vitamin B12
31
What are 2 examples of parasites that destroy tissues and how?
- Leishmania braziliansis can destroy nasal septum - schistosoma haematobium can cause polyp in the urinary bladder
32
What is an example of mechanical interference from parasites?
blockage of bile ducts by liver flukes
33
What is an example of hypersensitivity reactions
elephantiasis due to immune mediated destruction of lymphatic vessels
34
look back at slide 20-24
35
What are the types of parasites?
1. obligate 2. accidental 3. facultative 4. endoparasite 5. ectoparasite
36
what is an obligate parasite and example?
host is required for survival or life cycle (EX: tapeworm, female mosquito)
37
what is a facultative parasite and example?
- free living organism —> parasite - EX: naegleria fowleri (brain eating amoeba) lives in water
38
what is an accidental parasite and example?
parasite in wrong host (usually dies) - dermatitis causes by avian schistosomes when in humans (typically like to live in ducks/geese)P
39
what is an endoparasite parasite and example?
live inside the tissues (can be blood, brain, small intestine, or subcutaneous tissues)
40
what is an ectoparasite parasite and example?
on the bodies surface (EX: anopheles mosquito)
41
what is a vector?
- carries a pathogen or parasite - living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human - frequently arthropods - related to plagues and pestilences in Scripture
42
What is a hyperparasite?
a parasite of a parasite
43
What is the offspring of a parasite?
progeny
44
What is a definitive host?
a host where sexual repro occurs (to produce numbers in mass)
45
What is a reservoir host?
alternative (to human) definitive host
46
What is an intermediate host?
asexual reproduction or development
47
What is zoonosis?
infection of human by animal parasite
48
What is a paratenic host?
transport only — no reproduction or development
49
Which host is usually the most important in nature?
Reservoir host
50
What are characteristics of protozoa parasites?
- single cell parasites - eukaryotic in nature - absorb/ingest organic chemicals - may be motile (pseudopods, cilia, or flagella) - may be non-motile
51
What are examples of multicellular animal parasites?
- parasitic flatworms/roundworms (helminths) - Guinea worm
52
Which 3 major phyla of parasites are included in opisthokonts?
1. platyhelminthes 2. nematoda 3. arthropoda
53
What are the 3 domains of life?
1. bacteria 2. archea 3. eukarya
54
What are the 7 eukaryotic “lineages” or kingdoms ?
1. excavata 2. amebozoa 3. alveolata 4. stamenopila 5. rhizaria 6. plantae 7. opisthokonta
55
how many of the 7 eukaryotic lineages/kingdoms are with human parities?
5
56
How many of the lineages or kingdoms are protists (single celled)?
4
57
look at puzzle of parasite phylogeny
58
What is zoonotic spillover?
virus, bacteria, or protozoan spills over from its intended placement to another causing disease
59
What is displacement?
Microbe, animal, or “parasite” displaced out of its original position or purpose (EX: Corona can live in bats) - Goes from sylvatic (jungle) cycle to urban (domestic) cycle (animal —> human infections)
60
How many new novel/reemerging diseases since 1980?
87 (WHO tracks over 100 emerging and reemerging diseases)
61
What percent of all known infectious diseases can be spread from animals to people?
60%
62
How many emerging infectious diseases in people come from animals?
3/4
63
What are the most common pathogens of high consequences?
- SARS-CoV-2/CoV-1 - Borrelia - Yersinia pestis - Dengue virus - west nile virus - zika virus
64
What is the #1 zoonotic disease in the USA & classic example?
Lyme disease
65
How many people each year are diagnoses & treated with lyme disease?
about 476,000
66
What are hosts of lxodes spp (lyme)?
white -tailed deer
67
What are the amplifying host for borrelia burgodoferi?
humans
68
What is alph-gal syndrome (AGS)?
- associated with tick bites (primarily lone star tick) - Bedford is #2 county in the world for it
69
Who is a Christian pioneer in parasitology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
70
Read more on ticks

Biol 305 (5 decks)

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