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PSYC 104 > Chapter 3: Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor function, language, decision making, and planning.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing, understanding language, and memory.

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3
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Touch and perception.

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4
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision.

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5
Q

What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?

A

The frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe.

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6
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Acts as a gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex.

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7
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Maintaining a constant internal state.

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8
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Spatial memory.

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9
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Directs other glands of the body under control of the hypothalamus.

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10
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

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11
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Unconscious process such as sleep-wake cycle.

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12
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered.

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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance.

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14
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of an electoencephalograph (EEG)

A

It measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes.

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16
Q

What is a computed tomography (CT) scan and what does it do?

A

It is a three-dimensional reconstruction of multiple X-rays. It alows us to visualize the brain’s structure.

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17
Q

How does a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine work?

A

It measures the release of energy from water in biological tissues following exposure to a magnetic field.

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18
Q

What is an MRI superior at?

A

Detecting soft tissues such as brain tumours.

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19
Q

What does a positron emission tomography (PET) scan do?

A

Measures the brain’s activity in response to stimuli.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of a functional MRI (fMRI)?

A

Measures the change in blood-oxygen levels through magnetic fields.

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21
Q

What does a magnetoencephalography (MEG) do?

A

Detects electrical activity in the brain by measuring tiny magnetic fields.

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22
Q

What is deep brain stimulation (DBS)?

A

A surgical procedure that implants battery-powered electrodes within the brain to provide electrical stimulation to specific areas of the brain.

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23
Q

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) involve?

A

Applying magnetic fields to the surface of the skull to create electrical fields in the brain.

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24
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A nerve cell specialized for communication with organs.

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25
Q

What are axons specialized for?

A

Sending messages to other neurons.

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26
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The space between two connecting neurons that messages are chemically transmitted through.

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27
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

They play a role in formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removed debris, facilitates communication among neurons, and enhances learning and memory.

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28
Q

What is the most abundant type of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes.

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

It insulates axons and speeds up the transmission of electrical signals down the axon.

30
Q

What is a resting potential and what is it’s value?

A

An electrical charge difference of -60 millivolts across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited.

31
Q

What is a threshold of excitation?

A

The membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential.

32
Q

What is an action potential?

A

An electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters.

33
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

The time during which another action potential is impossible.

34
Q

What is reuptake of neurotransmitters?

A

The means of recycling neurotransmitters.

35
Q

What is the function of the neurotransmitter GABA?

A

It inhibits neurons and dampens neural activity.

36
Q

What is the function of the neurotransmitter glutamate?

A

It excites neurons, encouraging talk between neurons.

37
Q

What is the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

A

It plays a role in arousal, slective attention, memory, and sleep.

38
Q

What is the function of the neurotransmitters called monoamines?

A

Activate or deactivate parts of the brain.

39
Q

What is the function of the neurotransmitters called anandamides?

A

Play a role in eating, motivation, energy, and sleep.

40
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Drugs that interact with neurotransmitter systems.

41
Q

What are agonists?

A

Drugs that increase or mimic a neurotransmitter.

42
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Drugs that block or decrease the effect of a neurotransmitter.

43
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The ability of the nervous system to change.

44
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized cell.

45
Q

What is the central nervous system comprised of?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

46
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of?

A

All nerves outside the central nervous system.

47
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Movement, motor planning, and skill and habit learning.

48
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

49
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional learning and memory, especially fear and aggression.

50
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla.

51
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

It conveys information between the body and the brain.

52
Q

What is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

A

Fine-tuned language skills and actions such as making facial expressions or motion detection.

53
Q

What is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

A

Coarse language skills and visuospatial skills including face perception.

54
Q

What is the motor cortex responsible for?

A

Body movement.

55
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?

A

Receiving information about sensations in the body.

56
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

The language part of the brain that is critical for speech formation.

57
Q

What is Wernickle’s area?

A

The part of the brain that interprets spoken and written language.

58
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex associated with?

A

Aspects of behaviour and personality.

59
Q

What is the visual association cortex responsible for?

A

Analyzing visual data to form images.

60
Q

What is the role of the visual cortex?

A

It receives nerve impulses from the visual thalamus.

61
Q

What is the role of the auditory association cortex?

A

It analyzes sound so we can recognize words or melodies.

62
Q

What is the role of the primary auditory cortex?

A

It detects discrete qualities of sound such as pitch and volume.

63
Q

What is the limbic system thought to be?

A

The emotional centre of the brain.

64
Q

What is the role of the somatic nervous system?

A

It conveys information between the CNS and the body and controlling and coordinating movement.

65
Q

What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomic.

66
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

It controls the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands and participates in emotion regulation.

67
Q

What part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

A

The sympathetic nervous system.

68
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Crisis reaction and fight-or-flight response.

69
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It controls rest and digestion.

70
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Our genetic makeup.

71
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Our observable traits.

PSYC 104 (8 decks)

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