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Biology - Sabrina > Chapter 3 - Biological molecules: the carbon compounds of life > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Biological molecules: the carbon compounds of life Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

(OH) group consisting of an oxygen atom linked to a hydrogen atom on one side and to a carbon chain on the other side

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2
Q

Carbonyl group

A

(C=O) the reactive part of aldehydes and ketones, consisting of an oxygen atom linked to a carbon atom by a double bond

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3
Q

Carboxyl group

A

(COOH) the characteristic functional group of organic acids, formed by the combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups

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4
Q

Amino group

A

(NH2) group that acts as an organic base, consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded on one side to 2 hydrogen atoms and on the other side to a carbon chain

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5
Q

Phosphate group

A

(OPO3~2-) Group consisting of a central phosphorus atom held in 4 linkages:

  • 2 that bind OH groups to the central phosphorus atom
  • a 3rd that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorus atom
  • a 4th that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom
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6
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

(SH) group that works as a molecular fastener, consisting of a sulfur atom linked on one side to a hydrogen atom and on the other side to a carbon chain

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7
Q

Disulfide linkage

A

(-S-S-) linkage that occurs when 2 sulfhydryl groups interact during a linking reaction

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8
Q

organic molecules

A

molecule based on carbon

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9
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

molecule without carbon atoms in its structure

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10
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

molecule consisting only of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other and themselves (C2H6)

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11
Q

Chemical evolution

A

the formation of the organic molecules that allowed the first forms of life on Earth to originate

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12
Q

functional group

A

small, reactive groups of atoms. The functional group determines the chemical behavior of the compound

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13
Q

Isomers

A

2 or molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

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14
Q

Stereoisomers

A

molecules that are mirror images of one another are an example of stereoisomers

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15
Q

Structural isomers

A

2 molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms that are arranged in different ways

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16
Q

Condensation reaction (also referred to as a dehydration synthesis reaction)

A

reaction during which the components of a water molecule are removed, usually as part of the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller sub-units

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17
Q

Hydrolysis

A

reaction in which the components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits

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18
Q

Polymer

A

a molecule assembled from subunit monomer molecules into a chain by covalent bonds

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19
Q

Polymerisation

A

the process of assembly of a polymer from monomers

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20
Q

Macromolecule

A

a single polymer molecule with a mass of 1000 Da (Daltons) or more

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21
Q

Starch

A

a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of branched or unbranched chains of glucose subunits

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22
Q

Glycogen

A

energy-providing carbohydrates stored in animal cells

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23
Q

cellulose

A

one of the primary constituents of plant cell walls, formed by chains of carbohydrate subunits

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24
Q

Monosaccharide

A

the smallest carbohydrates, containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms

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25
Q

disaccharide

A

a carbohydrate consisting of 2 monosaccharides bonded together by a Glycosidic bond

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26
Q

Polysaccharide

A

carbohydrate polymers with more than 10 linked monosaccharide monomers

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27
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

bond formed by the linkage of two alpha glucose molecules with oxygen as a bridge between a carbon of the first glucose unit and a carbon of the second glucose unit

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28
Q

oil

A

neutral lipid that is liquid at biological temperatures

29
Q

fat

A

neutral lipid that is semisolid at biological temperatures

30
Q

triglyceride

A

a non-polar compound produced when a fatty acid binds by a dehydration synthesis reaction at each glycerol’s 3 OH bearing sites

31
Q

fatty acid

A

1 or 2 components of a neutral lipid, containing a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group linked at one end

32
Q

ester linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group

33
Q

saturated

A

With respect to a fatty acid, if only single bonds link the carbon atoms.

With respect to an enzyme reaction, when the enzyme is cycling as rapidly as possible so that further increases in substrate concentration have no direct effect on the reaction rate

34
Q

unsaturated

A

with respects to a fatty acid, if one or more double bonds link the carbon atoms

35
Q

monounsaturated

A

fatty acids with 1 double bond

36
Q

polyunsaturated

A

fatty acid with more than one double bond

37
Q

wax

A

a substance insoluble in water that is formed when fatty acids combine with long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon structures

38
Q

phospholipids

A

a phosphate-contain lipid

39
Q

steroid

A

a type of lipid derived from cholesterol

40
Q

sterol

A

steroid with a single polar OH group linked to one end of the ring framework and a complex, non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other end

41
Q

cholesterol

A

the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes

42
Q

enzymes

A

protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction

43
Q

peptide bond

A

a linked by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the second

44
Q

N-terminal end

A

the end of a polypeptide chain with an NH3~+ group

45
Q

C-terminal end

A

the end of an amino acid chain with a COO~- group

46
Q

polypeptide

A

the chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptide bonds

47
Q

primary structure

A

the particular and unique linear sequence of amino acids linked to each other by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide

48
Q

Secondary structure

A

the coiling or the folding of a segment of a polypeptide chain produced by hydrogen bonding between different amino acids in the segment. Alpha helices and beta strands are examples of secondary structure

49
Q

tertiary structure

A

the folding of the complete amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain, with its secondary structures, into the overall 3 dimensional shape

50
Q

quaternary structure

A

the arrangement of bonded polypeptide chains in a protein that contains more than one chain

51
Q

alpha helix

A

a type of secondary structure of a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain is twisted into a regular, right-hand spiral

52
Q

beta sheet

A

a type of primary structure in a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain zigzags in a flat plane to form a beta strand, and beta strands then align side by side in the same/ opposite direction

53
Q

conformation

A

the overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein

54
Q

denaturation

A

a loss of both the structure and function of a protein due to extreme conditions that unfold it from its normal conformation

55
Q

renaturation

A

the reformation of a denatured protein into its folded, functional state

56
Q

chaperone proteins ( or chaperonin)

A

‘Guide’ protein that binds temporarily with newly synthesized proteins, directing their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold

57
Q

conformational change

A

alteration in the 3 dimensional shape of a protein

58
Q

domains (2)

A
  1. In protein structure, a distinct, large structural subdivision produced in many proteins by the folding of the amino acid chain.
  2. In systematics, the highest taxonomic category, a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apart as a major trunk of the Tree of Life
59
Q

DNA

A

the large, double stranded, helical molecule that is the genetic material of all living organisms

60
Q

RNA

A

a polymer assembled from repeating nucleotide monomers in which the 5-carbon sugar is ribose. Cellular RNAs include mRNA (which is translated to produce a polypeptide), tRNA (which brings an amino acid to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide during translation), and rRNA (which is a structural component of ribosomes).

The genetic material of some viruses is RNA

61
Q

Nucleotide

A

the monomer of nucleic acids, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate

62
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

a nitrogen-containing molecule that accepts protons

63
Q

Pyrimidines

A

a type of nitrogenous base with on carbon-nitrogen ring

64
Q

Purine

A

a type of nitrogenous base with 2 carbon-nitrogen rings

65
Q

Deoxyribonucleotide

A

nucleotide containing deoxyribose as the sugar, deoxyribonucleotides are components of DNA

66
Q

ribonucleotide

A

nucleotide contain ribose as the sugar; ribonucleotides are components of RNA

67
Q

nucleoside

A

molecule containing only a nitrogenous base and a 5 carbon sugar

68
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the linkage of nucleotides in polynucleotide chains by a bridging phosphate group between the 5’ carbon of one sugar and the 3’ carbon of the next sugar in line

69
Q

template

A

a nucleotide chain used in DNA replication for the assembly of a complementary chain

Biology - Sabrina (9 decks)

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