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Biology - Sabrina > Chapter 1: Introduction to biological concepts and research > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to biological concepts and research Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell (2)

A
  1. smallest unit with the capacity to reproduce.

2. an organized chemical system that includes many specialized molecules surrounded by a membrane

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2
Q

Emergent properties

A
  1. Characteristics that depend on the level of matter but do not exist at lower levels of organization
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3
Q

Unicellular organisms

A
  1. Individual consisting of a single cell e.g. bacteria and protozoans
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4
Q

Multicellular organisms

A
  1. individual consisting of interdependent cells e.g. plants and animal cells
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5
Q

Population

A
  1. a group of organisms of the same kind that live together in the same place
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6
Q

Community

A
  1. populations of species that occupy the same area
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7
Q

Ecosystem (2)

A
  1. Group of biological communities interacting with their shared physical environment
  2. includes the community and the non-living environmental factors with which it interacts.
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8
Q

Biosphere

A
  1. encompasses all the ecosystems of the Earth’s waters, crust and atmosphere that sustain life
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9
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (2)

A
  1. Genetic material of all living organisms
  2. it’s a large, double stranded, helical molecule that contains instructions for assembling a living organism from simpler molecules.
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10
Q

Nucleotides (2)

A
  1. the monomer of nucleic acids, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phospate
  2. Chemical building blocks including C, T, U, A, G
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11
Q

Genome (2)

A
  1. all of the DNA in the cells of a living organism

2. or all of the DNA or RNA comprising the genetic material of a virus

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12
Q

Genes (2)

A
  1. A specific sequence of base pairs in a genome containing the code for a protein molecule or one of its parts, or for functioning RNA molecules such as tRNA and rRNA
  2. are particular regions of the genome where specific nucleotide sequences encode instructions that cells use to build RNA molecules and proteins
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13
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A
  1. A polymer assembled from repeating nucleotide monomers in which the 5-carbon sugar is ribose.

Cellular RNAs include mRNA (which is translated to produce a polypeptide), tRNA (which brings an amino acid to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide during translation) and rRNA ( which is a structural component of ribosomes). The genetic material of some viruses is RNA

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14
Q

Proteins

A
  1. molecules that carry out most of the activities of life, including the synthesis of all other biological molecules. A protein consists of one or more polypeptide
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15
Q

Gene expression

A
  1. the process by which information encoded in genes guides the production of RNA molecules and proteins
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16
Q

messenger RNA

A

the RNA transcribed from a protein-coding gene. Translation of an mRNA produces a polypeptide

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17
Q

transcription

A

the mechanism by which the information encoded in DNA is made into a complementary RNA copy

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18
Q

model organisms

A

An organism with characteristics that make it a particularly useful subject of research because it is likely to produce results widely applicable to other organisms

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19
Q

photosynthesis

A

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules

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20
Q

primary producer

A

an organism that uses light energy or chemical energy to covert simply inorganic molecules into organic molecules

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21
Q

phylum (plural= phyla)

A

A major Linnaean division of a kingdom, ranking above class

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22
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

A branching diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships of groups of organism

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23
Q

prokaryotes

A

Organism in which the central DNA- containing region of the cell has no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes make up 2 domains of organisms:
1. the Bacteria and
2. the Archaea

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24
Q

predictions

A

a statement about what the researcher expects to happen to one variable if another variable changes

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25
Q

proteomics

A

the study of the proteome, the complete set of proteins that can be produced by a genome. Proteomics involves characterizing the structures and functions of all expressed proteins of an organism, the localization of proteins within the cell, and the interactions among proteins in the cell

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26
Q

proteome

A

the complete set of proteins that can be expressed by the genome of an organism

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27
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organism in which the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

28
Q

organelles

A

in eukaryotic cells, the nucleus and other specialized structures important for cell function

29
Q

observational data

A

basic information on biological structures or the details of biological processes

30
Q

biological research

A

the collective effort of individuals who have worked to understand how living systems function

31
Q

basic research

A

research conducted to search for explanations about natural phenomena in order to satisfy curiosity and to advance collective knowledge of living systems

32
Q

applied research

A

research conducted with the goal of solving specific practical problems

33
Q

scientific method

A

an investigative approach in which scientists make observations about the natural world, develop working explanations about what they observe, and the test those explanations by collecting more information

34
Q

experimental data

A

information that describes the result of a careful manipulation of the system under study

35
Q

systems biology

A

an area of biology that studies the organism as a whole to unravel the integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions responsible for life

36
Q

scientific theory

A

a broadly applicable idea or hypothesis that has been confirmed by every conceivable test

37
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation

38
Q

null hypothesis

A

a statement of what might be seen if the hypothesis being tested is NOT correct

39
Q

variable

A

an environmental factor that may differ among places or an organismal characteristic that may differ among individuals

40
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

an explanation of an observed phenomenon that is different from the explanation being tested

41
Q

control

A

treatment that tells what would be seen in the absence of the experimental manipulation

42
Q

experimental variable

A

the variable in a scientific study that is manipulated by the experimenter

43
Q

Replicates

A

multiple subjects that receive either the same experimental treatment or the same control treatment

44
Q

Genomics

A

the branch of biology that characterizes entire genomes, including sequencing genomes and identifying likely protein coding and non-coding segments of DNA sequences, and comparing genomes of different organisms to see how the genomes have evolved.

45
Q

Translation

A

the use of the information encoded in mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide

46
Q

Ribosomes

A

a ribonucleoprotein particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids

47
Q

metabolism

A

the biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from it surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grow, and reproduce

48
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which energy-rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP

49
Q

consumer

A

an organism that consumes other organisms in a community or ecosystem

50
Q

homeostasis

A

the regulation of the internal environment to maintain it in a relatively stable way

51
Q

inheritance

A

the transmission of DNA (that is genetic information) from one generation to the next

52
Q

development

A

a series of programmed changes encoded in DNA, through which a fertilized egg divides into many cells that ultimately are transformed into an adult, which is itself capable of reproduction

53
Q

life cycle

A

the sequential stages through which individuals develop, grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce

54
Q

biological evolution

A

the process by which some individuals in a population experience changes in their DNA and pass those modified instructions to their offspring

55
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding of organisms to ensure that certain desirable traits appear at higher frequency in successive generations

56
Q

Natural selection

A

the evolutionary process by which alleles that increase the likelihood of survival and the reproductive output of the individuals that carry them become more common in subsequent generations

57
Q

mutation

A

a spontaneous and heritable change in DNA

58
Q

habitat

A

the specific environment in which a population lives, as characterized by its biotic and abiotic features

59
Q

species

A

a group of populations in which the individuals are so similar in structure, biochemistry, and behavior that they can successfully interbreed

60
Q

genus

A

a Linnaean taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species

61
Q

scientific name

A

a 2 part name identifying the genus to which a species belongs and designating a particular species within that genus

62
Q

family

A

a Linnaean taxonomic category that ranks below an order and above a genus

63
Q

order

A

a Linnaean taxonomic category of organisms that ranks above a family and below a class

64
Q

class

A

a Linnaean taxonomic category that ranks below a phylum and above an order

65
Q

kingdom

A

a Linnaean taxonomic category that ranks below a domain and above a phylum

66
Q

domain

A

In protein structure, a distinct, large structural subdivision produced in many proteins by the folding of the amino acids chain.

In systematics, the highest taxonomic category; a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apart as a major trunk of the Tree of Life

Biology - Sabrina (9 decks)

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