Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Health and Illness Flashcards
What is the Nervous System?
The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system
What does the sensory nerve focus on?
Input to the brain/spinal cord
What do the motor nerves focus on?
Output from the brain/spinal cord to muscles and organs
What consist of all the nerve cells?
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
What does CNS stand for?
Central Nervous System
Where is CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What does PNS stand for?
Peripheral Nervous System
What does the PNS comprise of?
The sensory/motor nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
Links the CNS with skeletal muscles
VOLUNTARY
What is the Automatic Nervous System?
Links the CNS with interal organs
INVOLUNTARY
What part is the Automatic Nervous System?
Peripheral NS
What does the Automatic Nervous System control?
The glands and the muscles of the internal organs
Where is the Sympathetic nervous system located?
Divisions of the autonomic NS
What does the Sympathetic nervous system control?
Arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
Where is the Parasympathetic nervous system?
Division of the autonomic nervous system
What does the Parasympathetic nervous system control?
Calms the body, conserving its energy
What is under the PNS?
Autonomic and Somatic NS
What is under the Autonomic NS?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the order of an impulse?
Dendrities
Axon
Terminals
Synapses
What is an example of neurotransmitters (NT)?
Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA
What is GABA?
inhibitory of behaviors verbal and actions
Affected by age and alcohol
What is in the Hindbrain?
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons
What is involved in Cerebellum?
Helps coordinate voluntary muscle movement.
Maintenance of balance
What is involved in the Medulla?
Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
What is involved in Pons?
Link between hindbrain and midbrain
Helps control breathing
Where is the midbrain?
Pathway between hindbrain and forebrain
What is the Midbrain in charge of?
Coordination of visual and auditory reflexes
Sustantia nigra
Superior Colliculus
What is the Sustantia nigra?
Neurotransmitter dopamine
Attention memory problem solving
What is Superior Colliculus?
Receives input from the retina and the visual cortex
What is in the Forebrain?
Limbic System
Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex
What is the Limbic System?
Neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
What is associated with the Limbic System?
Emotions and certain drives
What was included in the Limbic System?
amygdala
hippocampus
hypothalamus
What is the Amygdala?
Neural clusters that are components
What is the Amygdala linked to?
Emotions
What is the Hippocampus involved in?
Cognitive processes such as spatial orientation, learning, memory
What is the hypothalamus?
Directs several maintenance activities eating, drinking, body temperature
What does the hypothalamus govern?
Endocrine system via the pituitary gland
What is the hypothalamus linked to?
Brain’s reward system
What lobes are included in the cerebral cortex?
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
What is the cortex included in the cerebral cortex?
Motor cortex
Association cortex
Sensory cortex
What is the frontal lobe?
Executive
Making plans and judgements
Muscle movements
Speech production
What does frontal lobe contain?
Motor cortex
What does the Parietal Lobes?
Receives information from skin and body
Involved in representing space/your relationship to it
What does the Parietal Lobe includes?
Sensory cortex
What does the occipital lobe include?
The visual areas
What does the occipital lobe do?
Receive visual information from the opposite visual field
What does the Temporal Lobe include?
The auditory areas
What does the Temporal Lobe do?
Retention of visual memories
Major role in speech comprehension
Where is the Motor Cortex?
The rear of the frontal lobe
What does the Motor cortex do?
Control voluntary movements
Where is the Sensory Cortex?
Front of the parietal lobe
What does the sensory cortex do?
Registers and processes body sensations
Where is the Association Cortex?
Areas of the cerebral cortex
What is the Association cortex involved in?
In higher mental functions.
Learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
What is the Endocrine System?
Slow chemical communication system
A set glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
What are hormones
Chemical messengers
What produces hormones?
By the endocrine glands and in one tissue and affect another tissue
What is involved in Adrenal Gland?
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Above the kidneys
What does the Adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
What does the Adrenal medulla help with?
Help arouse the body in times of stress
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Cortisol
What does the adrenal cortex help with?
Help to reduce swelling and inflammation
What is involved in the Master-Control System
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
What is the Pituitary gland?
Under the influence of the hypothalamus
Regulates growth and control other endocrine glands
What is the hypothalamus?
CRH which is linked to pituitary glands
What does the thyroid gland help with?
Helps regulate growth and metabolism
What does the thyroid secrete?
Hormones are secreted by the parathyroid glands regulate level of calcium in the body
What are the two main things in the Pancreas?
Glucagon and Insulin
What does the glucagon include?
Increase the concentration of glucose in the blood
What does the insulin control?
Insulin controls the conversion of sugar and carbohydrates into energy –> DECREASES blood sugar levels
What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
Rare
What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?
Result of excess production of cortisol by the adrenal glands
Overproduction can be caused by a tumor in the pituarty/adrenal glands
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?
Upper body obesity w/ thin arms and legs
Round face
Increased fat around neck or fatty hump b/w the shoulders
Reddened thin fragile skin that is slow to heal
Reddish blue stretch marks
Bone and muscles weakness
Severe fatigue
High blood pressure/blood sugar levels
Irritability and anxiety or depression
