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Honors Biology > Chapter 3: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biochemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

All living things contain these organic molecules:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic

acids

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1
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

Carbon can bond with other carbons forming?

A

Straight chains, branched chains, or rings.

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3
Q

Are polar and ionic molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic because they dissolve in water by forming hydrogen bonds.

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4
Q

Are non-polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic because it doesn’t dissolve in water.

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5
Q

What are isomers?

A

Different molecules that are composed of the same number and kinds of atoms but the atoms are arranged differently in each molecule.

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6
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms of a particular arrangement that gives the entire molecule certain characteristics.

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7
Q

What letter do organic chemists use to indicate an organic molecule?

A

“R”

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8
Q

What are monomers?

A

Smaller, simpler, molecules that build up carbon compounds. Also, the building blocks of macromolecules.

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9
Q

What are polymers?

A

Molecules that consist of a monomer repeated several times.

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10
Q

What are macro molecules?

A

Large polymers.

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11
Q

What is a dehydration/contestationaction?

A

A chemical reaction that involves monomers linking to form polymers and the loss of water to do so.

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12
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A chemical reaction that involves polymers being broken down into monomers and the addition of water to do so.

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13
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate.

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14
Q

What does ATP do?

A

It is a compound that stores large amounts of energy for the cells’ constant use.

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15
Q

What are the four important classes of organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids.

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16
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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17
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars, having 3 to 7 carbon atoms. They can be bonded together to form polysaccharides.

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18
Q

What do the names of most sugars end with?

A

“ose”

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19
Q

What do simple sugars do?

A

Store energy for cells.

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20
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together by a

dehydration/condensation reaction.

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21
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides that are bonded together to form long chains.

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22
Q

What are four polysaccharides?

A

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin.

23
Q

What do starch and glycogen do?

A

They function to store energy.

24
Q

What do cellulose and chitin do?

A

They function to support and protect the organism.

25
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Regulate the rate of chemical reactions.

26
Q

What proteins have storage as their function?

A

Casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites.

27
Q

What proteins have transport as their function?

A

Hemoglobin.

28
Q

What proteins have fence as their function?

A

Antibodies.

29
Q

What proteins have a structural function?

A

Keratin, collagen, silk.

30
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids.

31
Q

How many amino acids are used to make protein?

A

20

32
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Two or more amino acids bonded together.

33
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of many amino acids.

34
Q

What is a protein?

A

Either one or more chains of amino acids.

35
Q

Amino acids are joined together by what?

A

A peptide bond.

36
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids found in a protein.

37
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

The oxygen or nitrogen atoms of the peptide bond are capable of hydrogen- bonding.

38
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

The overall 3-dimensional shape of the polypeptide chain, typically described as being globular or fibrous.

39
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

Some proteins contain two or more polypeptide chains that associate to form a single protein.

40
Q

What are lipids?

A

Compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.

41
Q

What do lipids function in?

A

Long-term storage.

42
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

43
Q

Are fats polar or non-polar?

A

Nonpolar.

44
Q

Are phosphate group non-polar or polar?

A

Polar.

45
Q

What are steroids’ backbone?

A

Four carbon rings.

46
Q

What are waxes?

A

Long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol.

47
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of what?

A

Units called nucleotides, which are linked to form a larger molecule.

48
Q

What does each nucleotide contain?

A

A base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

49
Q

What is the sugar?

A

Deoxyribose(DNA) and Ribose(RNA)

50
Q

What are the bases of DNA?

A

Guanine, cytosine, thymine, and adenine.

51
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Two strands in which the bases of one strand are hydrogen- bonded to the bases of the other. The strands are twisted forming a configuration that is often referred to as a double helix.

52
Q

In DNA what is paired with what?

A

Adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine.

53
Q

What is DNA’s function?

A

To store genetic information regarding the sequence of amino acids.

54
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Stores genetic information regarding the sequence of amino acids.

55
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

One.

56
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

Uracil, adenine, guanine, and cytocine.

Honors Biology (3 decks)

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