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MicroBiology > Chapter 3: Basic Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Basic Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of a living thing?

A

Growth
Reproduction
Reactiveness
Metabolism

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2
Q

Growth

A

Ability to increase in size

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3
Q

Reproduction

A

Ability to increase in number

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4
Q

Reactiveness

A

Ability to respond to stimuli

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

Ability to complete controlled chemical reactions of organisms.

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6
Q

What are the main differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A 
Prokaryotic: 
Smaller 
no nucleus 
lacks most organelles 
simpler in structure 
Eukaryotic: 
Larger
nucleus 
contains many organelles 
more complex in structure
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7
Q

What is a ribsome?

A

A protein producing organelle

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8
Q

are eukaryotes or prokaryotes bigger?

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

What are the smallest organisms?

A

Viruses

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10
Q

Why are Archaea different from bacteria?

A

They’re more like eukaryotic cells. They don’t have a cell wall with peptidoglycan.

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11
Q

Which type of microorganisms have circular chromosomes and which have linear?

A

Prokaryotic cells have a circular chromosomes whole Eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes.

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12
Q

What are the different types of Glycocalyces?

A

Slime and Capsule

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13
Q

What is the difference between a slime and capsule covering?

A

Both are sticky coverings but capsules tend to be harder, more dense, waxy and protective with organized repeating units. Very firmly attached to the outer portion of the cell. Plays part in the ability to cause disease

The slime layer is not as organized. It is water soluble and very sticky which allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces easily and spread out.

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14
Q

What do flagella do?

A

They allow for movement, the cells primary form of movement.

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15
Q

Which type of cell are flagella more common in?

A

More common in prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually only have one type.

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16
Q

Other then flagella how can bacteria move?

A

Some can wiggle, or giggle.

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17
Q

What are the structures of the flagella?

A

Filament
Hook
Basal body

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18
Q

How do the structures of the flagella work togethor?

A

The filament inserts into the hook and are anchored to the bacteria by the basal body.

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19
Q

What are the bacterial flagella compared to?

A

Propellers

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20
Q

How are Eukaryotic flagella different?

A

Instead of spinning they tend to swish back and forth.

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21
Q

Is which is the dense protein the filament and hook?

A

the hook is a denser protein.

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22
Q

What is the difference in the proteins rings for Gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram-positive bacteria only have 2 rings while gram-negative bacteria have 4 because it has a cytoplasm and an outer membrane.

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23
Q

What can we determine with the differences in flagellar protein?

A

They can be used to identify and classify pathogenic bacteria.

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24
Q

Describe the movements of the bacteria’s flagella

A

with runs, the flagella rotate counterclockwise
with the tumbles, the flagella rotate counterclockwise

The runs tend to become more frequent as they approach the stimulus

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25
Q

What is taxis?

A

The movement away or towards a stimulus.

26
Q

what are runs?

A

straight line

27
Q

what are tumbles?

A

spinning

28
Q

What are the purpose of receptors in relation to bacteria movement?

A

Receptors on the cell’s surface sense stimulus and send signals to the flagella.

29
Q

Chemotaxis

A

towards a chemical

30
Q

phototaxis

A

towards a light source

31
Q

what are Fimbriae?

A

think of fingers. Rod like projections that are used mainly for attachment (to surfaces, and other bacteria) and are integral in forming biofilms.

32
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Chemical excreted by the bacteria when it lands on a surface that changes their action and DNA.

33
Q

What are Pili?

A

A special kind of fimbriae used for bacterial sex. This is how cells transfer DNA to each other. They can’t reproduce but can exchange bacterial information from one bacteria to the next. The bacteria typically only have one to two per cell.
-This is how many bacteria transfer DNA and create resistance.

34
Q

What are plasmids?

A

DNA found outside of the main cell. These are extra nuclear clumps of DNA.

Usually due to the pili

35
Q

Size comparison between flagella, fimbriae, and pili?

A

The pili are longer than the fimbriae but shorter than the flagella.

36
Q

Purpose of the bacterial cell wall

A
  • give structure, and protect the cells from osmotic forces
  • assist some cells in attaching to other cells
  • give characteristic shapes
37
Q

What are the different types of cell walls?

A

cocci, rod, spiral

38
Q

What does a coccus look like?

A

one ball

39
Q

What does a diplo look like?

A

a pair of two

40
Q

What does a Staphylo- look like?

A

it is a flat cluster of balls

41
Q

What does a Strepto- look like?

A

a chain.

42
Q

What does bacillus look like?

A

like a pill

43
Q

What are peptidoglycans?

A

These are the major structures of the bacterial cell walls. Structured with NAM and NAG carbohydrate structures. They’re highly organized repeating sugars and protein chains.

44
Q

Which have cell walls and cell membrane?

A

Bacteria cells, Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cells only have cell membranes made of phospholipids.

45
Q

Major difference between gram positive cells and gram negative cells.

A

Gram positive cells have very thick cell walls, the peptidoglycan layer is a large majority compared to gram negative cells which have a thin layer of cell wall in between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane.

Gram positive also include acids.

46
Q

What don’t gram-positive cells have

A

They don’t have a periplasmic space (around the cell walls) or an LPS layer containing LIPID A

47
Q

Which type of bacteria cells stain purple?

A

The gram-positive stain negative because of the thicker cell wall layer.

48
Q

What color do gram-negative cells stain?

A

They stain pink.

49
Q

What does the layer outside the gram-negative cells contain?

A

Bilayer made of phospholipids, proteins, and LPS (contains lipid A which makes you sick)

50
Q

Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes

A

This is the cell membrane. It is a phospholipid layer composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers. The

Hydrophilic heads

Hydrophobic tails

They have protein membranes that allow polar molecules to pass through.

Selectively Permeable

51
Q

what are passive movements?

A

These are movements don’t require energy output. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

52
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water

53
Q

Active transport

A

These requires the use of ATP by the cell.

54
Q

What is Uniport?

A

Transporting one way

55
Q

What is Antiport?

A

Transporting both ways

56
Q

What is coupled transport?

A

it can be a mixture. It is the simultaneous transporting of two substances.

57
Q

What are inclusions?

A

They’re similar to vesicles, it is a way for bacteria to store things. Include deposits of chemicals.

58
Q

What are endospores?

A

A type of inclusion; This is formed in the defense of unliked conditions. They’re very hard to kill, when this is forming the vegetative cells transform into endospores when the resources are limited.

59
Q

Do all bacterias for endospores?

A

Not all bacteria form endospores.

60
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The main site for protein synthesis

61
Q

How are bacterial ribosomes different from Eukaryotic ribsomes?

A

The bacterial ribsome is 70s it consists of a 50s subunit and a 30s subunit. (lighter and heavier subunit)3

They’re composed of rRNA

MicroBiology (3 decks)

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