Chapter 1: History of Microbiology Flashcards
What is a microbe?
Anything that is too small to be seen with a naked eye. Smaller than .1 milliliter.
How long have prokaryotes been around vs Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have been around for over 3.5 billion years while Eukaryotes have been around got 1.5 billion years
What is Microbiota?
This is the natural flora, the good bacteria. They keep pathogens in place by competing for space and nutrients.
What did Van Leeuwenhook and Robert Hooke do?
Van-Dutch tailor that discovered bacteria (first descriptions) and built his own microscope.
Hooke- published his seminal work on eukaryotic microbes.
Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
Examples?
unicellular.
-Bacteria and Archaea
Are Eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
Examples?
They can be unicellular and multicellular.
-fungi include yeasts( unicellular) and molds (multicellular)
Protozoa are Unicellular
Algae( Unicellular and Multicellular)
What are the three categories of Prokaryotes?
Spherical, rod, or spiral shaped
How are Archaea different from bacteria?
They have different cell walls and are not pathogenic. They’re more like Eukaryotic cells. Most Archea aren’t pathogenic to us.
What do Prokaryotes lack?
Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
What do Eukaryotes have that Prokaryotes lack?
They have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
What are Helminths?
Parasitic Warms.
Usually multicellular- Different stages can infect humans
Tapeworms, Roundworms, Hookworms, Pinworms
Are viruses multicellular or unicellular?
Neither, they’re acellular. These are the smallest kind of microbe. They aren’t actually cells or alive. They depend on a host to replicate–intracellular parasites.
What are the two domains of prokaryotes?
Archaea and Bacteria
What are fungi?
Eukaryotic cells (have membrane-bound nucleus). They receive their food from other organisms, and have cell walls.
They include molds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular)
What are Protozoa?
Usually considered more animal like than algae. They’re single celled eukaryotes.
- live freely in water
- Asexual and sexual reproduction
- most are capable of locomotion
What are Algae?
Unicellular and multicellular. They’re simple reproductive structures that benefit many of us.
Who created the Universal Phylogenetic tree of life?
Carl Woese
What is the Universal Phylogenetic tree of life based on and what are the domains?
Way of categorizing microbes based on a comparison of small sub-unit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.
Divides microorganisms into
- Bacteria
- Archaea (shares some features with Eukaryotes)
- Eukarya
What are the percentages to determine relatedness?
To classify as the same species they should have 70% of the same DNA sequences and 98% of their RNA sequence.
What were the main questions that sparked the first Golden age of Microbiology?
- Is spontaneous generation of Microbial life real?
- What is the cause of fermentation?
- what causes disease?
- How can diseases be prevented?
What is spontaneous generation?
The theory that living organisms can come from non-living substances.
Who proposed spontaneous generation?
Aristotle
Who were vitalist?
Very vocal group that believed microbial life arose from decaying matter.
What did Fransico Redi Show?
He created the meat experiment that went against what the vitalists thoughts. Showed that maggots could not germinate on meat that was protected by flies.
Who was Pasteur?
He was the scientist the official disproved spontaneous generation with the flask experiment.
What did Pasteur’s flask experiment show?
Proved that germs in the air were the causative agents of disease and not the bad air.
What Theory did Pasteur invent?
The Germ Theory of Disease
What is pasteurization and who invented it?
It is the process of heating to kill microorganisms. Named after Pasteur.
What lead to the development of the Scientific method?
The debate over spontaneous generation.
What are the parts of the scientific methods?
- Observations lead to questions
- Hypothesis Generation
- Experimentation to test hypothesis
- Results/Observation.
Remember that repetition is important because it makes the data and reliable.
Who created the postulates for disease causing agents?
Robert Koch
What were Koch’s Postulates?
- The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease
- The microorganisms are isolated from the tissue of a dead animal and a pure culture is created.
- Microorganisms from the pure culture are inculated into a healthy, susceptible animal and the disease is reproduced
Started with demonstrating the existence of a particular infectious agent in all cases of the disease & with a process of causing the disease in experimental animals.
Who determined the source of puerperal fever?
Ignaz Semmelweis
What was Puerperal fever?
the blood poisoning of women in childbirth. The rates of child bed fever were higher in Vienna due to the lack of septic techniques. Many would practice in the anatomy lab and then deliver which introduces bacteria, increasing chances of child death at birth.
Who instituted hand washing?
Ignaz Semmelweis determined that hand washing was the way to decrease the mortality rate but people did not agree with him and he was put into a mental hospital.
Who was Joseph Lister?
He was an english Surgeon who developed the practice of antisepsis, and chemical disinfection of external living surfaces. He sprayed carolic acid on patients, doctors, and tools to disinfect. The wounds would heal without infection after surgery. The antiseptic was gentile enough for tissue.
How much did the mortality rate decrease with Lister’s Practice
65%
What did Joseph Lister have named after him?
Listerine
Who was Florence Nightingale?
Nurse that founded evidence based nursing practices.
-she introduced antiseptic practices and general cleanliness into the nursing practice.
How was the cause of Colera determined?
John Snow mapped out the cases in London and found that the source was water (importance of having clean water.
He laid the bases of Epidemiology and infection control.
Who developed the vaccine for smallpox and how?
Edward Jenner. He determined that it could be prevented with a milder disease-causing agent.
-the body create immunity through the variation.
Lady Mary Wortly brought the early form of the vaccination to the public attention.
Name for chemicals that could kill microbes but leave humans unaffected?
Magic Bullets.
Who discovered the magic bullets?
Paul Elrich. He discovered Salvarsan which cured syphilis but left humans unaffected. His work started the the era of chemotherapy.
What does the second age of microbiology involve
The birth of molecular microbiology and chemotherapy
