Chapter 3: A&P of Speech & Language Flashcards
What is inspiration?
Drawing air into the lungs
Increase in thoracic cavity volume
What is expiration?
Breathing air out from the lungs
Decrease in thoracic cavity volume
What is respiration?
Movement of air into the lungs allowing for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Describe the thoracic cavity.
Located in the upper part of the trunk
Contains respiration and circulation organs
Ribcage and sternum provide protection
What is the trachea?
“Windpipe,” below the larynx and splits off into the lungs.
Define cartilage.
Firm, fibrous, strong connective tissue.
How many muscles are in the respiratory system?
26 pairs
What is the diaphragm?
Large, dome-shaped muscle that separates thoracic/abdominal cavity.
What are the muscles between each rib?
External/Internal Intercoastal muscles
List the process of respiration.
- Brainstem sends message for inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts
- Volume increases, pressure decreases
- Greater environment pressure flows into alveoli and they expand
- Alveoli deflates (expiration)
- Pressure increases, air is forced out
What is the larynx?
“Voicebox”
Stacked structure
Movement of larynx alters aspects of voice
What is the thyroid cartilage?
Cartilage that encloses and protects the vocal folds.
Describe the Adam’s Apple.
Laryngeal Prominence
Front point of the larnyx
Describe the cricoid cartilage.
Located on top of the first tracheal ring
Circular shape
Describe the function of the artneoid cartilage.
Rotates to open/close vocal folds
Pivots to change pitch
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Protects airway during swallowing.
Describe the true vocal folds.
Covered in a pearly white mucous membrane
Prevents food/liquid from entering lungs/trachea
Produces voice
What is the glottis?
The space between the open folds
Describe the vocal folds while breathing or during phonation.
Breathing: at rest, partially open
Phonation: closed
List the process of phonation.
- Brain tells TVF to close
- Brain tells the respiratory system to exhale
- Air pressure below vocal folds builds up
- Vocal folds blows open repeatedly
- Puffs escape between folds.
What are the puffs of air during phonation?
Voice
What is frequency?
Number of complete cycles (opening/closing) per second that the vocal folds vibrate
Measured in hertz
What is pitch?
Psychological perception of frequency
What is the normal frequency for males/females?
Females: 220 Hz
Males: 120 Hz
What is fundamental frequency?
The normal voicing of “ah”
What is intensity?
The force with which the vocal folds open/close
The amount of air that escapes the folds
Measured in dB
What is loudness?
Psychological perception of intensity
What is intonation?
Variability of voice (loudness, pitch, duration)
Describe normal voice quality.
Nontense
Nonbreathy
No extraneous noise
Easily produced/sustained
Subjective
