Chapter 3 Flashcards
Phonetic transcription
systems were devised to document real actualizations of speech events.
broad transcription or phonemic transcription
is based on the phoneme system of the particular language; each symbol represents a phoneme.
- the symbols are placed within slashes / /
ex: / p /
virgules
the symbols are placed within slashes / /
ex: / p /
narrow transcription or phonetic transcription
records the sound units with as much production detail as possible
- use of both the broad classification system noted in the IPA and extra symbols, which can be added to give a particular phonetic value
- the symbols are placed within brackets [ ]. For example, [th] would be a narrow transcription exemplifying a sound unit [t] with aspiration [h].
diacritics
additional symbols may be added to the basic sound units to characterize allophonic variation
- marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value
[d̪]
[d̪] = dentalized [d]
- he tongue approaches the upper incisors
- Dentalized s-sounds, [s̪] and [z̪], frequently occur in the speech of children
[s^j]
[sj] = palatalized [s]
- Only sounds for which the palate is not the place of articulation can be palatalized
[kulɣ]
kulɣ] = velarized [l]-sound
- more posterior tongue placement (in the direction of the velum) for palatal sounds
[ɬɪp]
[sɪp] → [ɬɪp] = a lateralized [s]
- [l] is the only lateral in General American English
- air is released laterally, we speak of lateralization
Problems with s-Sounds
Dentalized, palatalized, and lateralized [s] realizations are frequent distortions noted in children
Devoicing of Voiced Consonants
In cases of total devoicing, the IPA symbol for the voiceless counterpart of the voiced sound
[tip] for “deep” from /d/ to /t/ in “deep.”
̥ )
Partial Devoicing
the sound in question is only partially devoiced. This is considered an allophonic variation of the voiced consonant
- initial devoicing [] (the parenthesis is on the left)
- final devoicing [] (the parenthesis is on the right).
Voicing of Voiceless Consonants
If voiceless consonants become totally voiced, the phoneme value has changed and the segment is transcribed with the respective symbol
[eɪtin] → [eɪdin]
( ̬ o r ̬)
Partial Voicing
- voiceless consonants become partially voiced
Initial and final partial voicing are respectively.
[tʱ]
Aspiration
- The strong burst of breath that accompanies the release of the articulatory closure in plosives typically leads to aspiration
[p=aɪ]
Nonaspiration of Plosives
- Voiceless plosives that are normally aspirated may be produced without this aspiration
[˺]
Unreleased plosives result when the articulatory closure is maintained and not—as usual—released
- typically occur at the end of an utterance or at the end of one-word responses.
[bɔɪ wʌz ɪt hɑt˺]
[ fɪʃnˌ ]
Syllabic consonants
- If the vowel nucleus is reduced, the following consonant becomes a syllabic; that is, it becomes the peak of that syllable.
[ sʷup]
labialized consonants
- a normally unrounded [s]—is produced with lip rounding, this is referred to as labializing the sound in question.
- The diacritic for labialized consonants is a superscript w placed to the right of the symbol in question
nonlabialization
nonlabialization
- When consonants that are normally rounded (such as [ʃ] and [w]) are produced without lip rounding, this is considered nonlabialization
- labial spreading [↔] is placed under the symbol in question [] to indicate nonlabialization.
Derhotacization
the loss of r-coloring typically for the central vowels with r-coloring, [ɝ] and [ɚ].
- the [ r ] can also lose r-coloring making it sound like a [ w ]
[ ̹u ] = unrounded [u]
[ ̜ ɛ ] = rounded [ɛ]
- indicates unrounding (or less rounding than is considered normal) when open to the right
- c is reversed, creating an opening to the left, it denotes rounding (or more rounding than is normally the case):
Raised or Lowered Tongue Position
signals the direction of tongue heights on the vertical plane, leading to deviations from norm vowel productions.
- ̝ under the character marks a higher elevation of the tongue than is normally the case for the production of the vowel in question.
- ̞ under the vowel symbol marks a lower elevation
Advanced or Retracted Tongue Position
indicate a tongue position that is too far forward or too far back for a normal production of the vowel in question
- [ + ] tongue more advanced than usual
- [ - ] More retracted protrusions are marked by the diacritic
Nasality
if the nasality is perceived as being excessive, or hypernasal “tilde” [~]
Denasality
ni →n͊i
refers to a reduction of nasal quality. Only nasal consonants can be denasalized
assimilation
is regressive in that the nasal following the vowel changes the characteristic of the preceding vowel into a nasalized vowel.
stress markers
he main purpose of all stress realizations is to emphasize certain syllables over others, thus creating a hierarchy of prominence among them.
primary stress
The loudest syllable is said to have the primary stress.
[ˌsɪ lə bəl]
secondary stress
The next loudest syllable bears the secondary stress
lengthening
Longer than normal duration is signaled by either one or two dots following the sound symbol in question. The more dots, the longer the sound.
[fit]
standard vowel duration
[fi·t]
slightly longer than normal vowel duration
[fi:t]
clearly longer than normal vowel duration
shortening
Shorter than normal speech sound productions
- The diacritic mark for any shortened sounds is [˘] placed above the respective sound symbol.
syllable boundaries
indicated by a period placed between the syllables.
“reliable”
[ɹi.laɪ.ə.bəl
Glottal Stop
is produced when a closed glottis (i.e., the space between the vocal folds) is suddenly released after a buildup of subglottal air pressure
“oh”
[ʔoʊ]
