Chapter 3

Question 1

Phonetic ­transcription

Answer 1

systems were devised to document real actualizations of speech events.

Question 2

broad transcription or phonemic transcription

Answer 2

is based on the phoneme system of the particular language; each symbol represents a phoneme.

• the symbols are placed within slashes / /
  ex: / p /

Question 3

virgules

Answer 3

the symbols are placed within slashes / /

ex: / p /

Question 4

narrow transcription or phonetic transcription

Answer 4

records the sound units with as much production detail as possible

• use of both the broad classification system noted in the IPA and extra symbols, which can be added to give a particular phonetic value
• the symbols are placed within brackets [ ]. For example, [th] would be a narrow transcription exemplifying a sound unit [t] with aspiration [h].

Question 5

diacritics

Answer 5

additional symbols may be added to the basic sound units to characterize allophonic variation
- marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value

Question 6

[d̪]

Answer 6

[d̪] = dentalized [d]

• he tongue approaches the upper incisors
• Dentalized s-sounds, [s̪] and [z̪], frequently occur in the speech of children

Question 7

[s^j]

Answer 7

[sj] = palatalized [s]

- Only sounds for which the palate is not the place of articulation can be palatalized

Question 8

[kulɣ]

Answer 8

kulɣ] = velarized [l]-sound

- more posterior tongue placement (in the direction of the velum) for palatal sounds

Question 9

[ɬɪp]

Answer 9

[sɪp] → [ɬɪp] = a lateralized [s]

• [l] is the only lateral in General American English
• air is released laterally, we speak of lateralization

Question 10

Problems with s-Sounds

Answer 10

Dentalized, palatalized, and lateralized [s] realizations are frequent distortions noted in children

Question 11

Devoicing of Voiced Consonants

Answer 11

In cases of total devoicing, the IPA symbol for the voiceless counterpart of the voiced sound
[tip] for “deep” from /d/ to /t/ in “deep.”

Question 12

̥ )

Answer 12

Partial Devoicing
the sound in question is only partially devoiced. This is considered an allophonic variation of the voiced consonant
- initial devoicing [] (the parenthesis is on the left)
- final devoicing [] (the parenthesis is on the right).

Question 13

Voicing of Voiceless Consonants

Answer 13

If voiceless consonants become totally voiced, the phoneme value has changed and the segment is transcribed with the respective symbol
[eɪtin] → [eɪdin]

Question 14

( ̬ o r ̬)

Answer 14

Partial Voicing
- voiceless consonants become partially voiced
Initial and final partial voicing are respectively.

Question 15

[tʱ]

Answer 15

Aspiration
- The strong burst of breath that accompanies the release of the articulatory closure in plosives typically leads to aspiration

Question 16

[p=aɪ]

Answer 16

Nonaspiration of Plosives

- Voiceless plosives that are normally aspirated may be produced without this aspiration

Question 17

[˺]

Answer 17

Unreleased plosives result when the articulatory closure is maintained and not—as usual—released
- typically occur at the end of an utterance or at the end of one-word responses.
[bɔɪ wʌz ɪt hɑt˺]

Question 18

[ fɪʃnˌ ]

Answer 18

Syllabic consonants
- If the vowel nucleus is reduced, the following consonant becomes a syllabic; that is, it becomes the peak of that syllable.

Question 19

[ sʷup]

Answer 19

labialized consonants

• a normally unrounded [s]—is produced with lip rounding, this is referred to as labializing the sound in question.
• The diacritic for labialized consonants is a superscript w placed to the right of the symbol in question

Question 20

nonlabialization

Answer 20

nonlabialization

• When consonants that are normally rounded (such as [ʃ] and [w]) are produced without lip rounding, this is considered nonlabialization
• labial spreading [↔] is placed under the symbol in question [] to indicate nonlabialization.

Question 21

Derhotacization

Answer 21

the loss of r-coloring typically for the central vowels with r-coloring, [ɝ] and [ɚ].
- the [ r ] can also lose r-coloring making it sound like a [ w ]

Question 22

[ ̹u ] = unrounded [u]

[ ̜ ɛ ] = rounded [ɛ]

Answer 22

• indicates unrounding (or less rounding than is considered normal) when open to the right
• c is reversed, creating an opening to the left, it denotes rounding (or more rounding than is normally the case):

Question 23

Raised or Lowered Tongue Position

Answer 23

signals the direction of tongue heights on the vertical plane, leading to deviations from norm vowel productions.

• ̝ under the character marks a higher elevation of the tongue than is normally the case for the production of the vowel in question.
• ̞ under the vowel symbol marks a lower elevation

Question 24

Advanced or Retracted Tongue Position

Answer 24

indicate a tongue position that is too far forward or too far back for a normal production of the vowel in question

• [ + ] tongue more advanced than usual
• [ - ] More retracted protrusions are marked by the diacritic

Question 25

Nasality

Answer 25

if the nasality is perceived as being excessive, or hypernasal “tilde” [~]

Question 26

Denasality

Answer 26

ni →n͊i

refers to a reduction of nasal quality. Only nasal consonants can be denasalized

Question 27

assimilation

Answer 27

is regressive in that the nasal following the vowel changes the characteristic of the preceding vowel into a nasalized vowel.

Question 28

stress markers

Answer 28

he main purpose of all stress realizations is to emphasize certain syllables over others, thus creating a hierarchy of prominence among them.

Question 29

primary stress

Answer 29

The loudest syllable is said to have the primary stress.

[ˌsɪ lə bəl]

Question 30

secondary stress

Answer 30

The next loudest syllable bears the secondary stress

Question 31

lengthening

Answer 31

Longer than normal duration is signaled by either one or two dots following the sound symbol in question. The more dots, the longer the sound.
[fit]

standard vowel duration

[fi·t]

slightly longer than normal vowel duration

[fi:t]

clearly longer than normal vowel duration

Question 32

shortening

Answer 32

Shorter than normal speech sound productions

- The diacritic mark for any shortened sounds is [˘] placed above the respective sound symbol.

Question 33

syllable boundaries

Answer 33

indicated by a period placed between the syllables.
“reliable”
[ɹi.laɪ.ə.bəl

Question 34

Glottal Stop

Answer 34

is produced when a closed glottis (i.e., the space between the vocal folds) is suddenly released after a buildup of subglottal air pressure
“oh”

[ʔoʊ]