Chapter 1 Flashcards
communication
the process of sharing information between individuals
- a process that consists of two or more people sharing information, including facts, thoughts, ideas, and feelings.
- any way that we convey information from one person to another
speech
the expression of thoughts in spoken words, that is, in oral, verbal communication
articulation
the motor production of speech sounds
fluency
the flow of speaking, including rate and rhythm; and voice, including vocal quality, pitch, loudness, and resonance
language
Complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols used in various modes for thought and communication.
rule governed and is described by at least five linguistic parameters: phonological, morphological, syntactical, semantic, and pragmatic
phonology
study of sounds
morphology
study of the structures of words
syntax
grammar
semantics
study of meaning of words
pragmatics
language is social situations
communication disorder
is the impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts, including verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems
- speech, language, hearing and central auditory
speech disorder
is the impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts, including verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems
- articulation
- fluency
- voice
language disorder
the impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems.
- involve: phonology, morphology, syntax,semantics and pragmatics
hearing impairment
typically classified as either hard of hearing or deaf.
central auditory processing disorder
result in difficulties with information processing of auditory signals that are not related to impaired sensitivity of the auditory system
articulation
the totality of motor movements involved in production of the actual sounds that comprise speech
- is a specific, gradually developing motor skill that involves motor processes.
phones
sound realities; they are end products of articulatory motor processes.
Linguistic function
the rules that address how specific sound units can be arranged to produce appropriate words and the phoneme concept
phoneme
is the smallest linguistic unit that is able
allophone
Variations in phoneme realizations, in phones, that do not change the meaning of a word when they are produced in differing contexts.
- the changes that occur in a phoneme when produced by speakers in differing contexts.
Phonology
the study of how phonemes are organized and function in a language.
phonotactics
refers to the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language
speech sound disorder
Difficulties making certain sounds that continue past a certain age. ASHA (n.d.-b) states that a speech sound disorder can impact the form of speech sounds (customarily referred to as articulation disorders) and/or the function of speech sounds (phonemes) within a language system (traditionally referred to as phonological disorders).
articulation disorder
subcategory of a speech disorder, is the atypical production of phones characterized by substitutions, omissions, additions, or distortions that may interfere with intelligibility
phonological disorder
a subcategory of a language disorder, refers to the impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern these sound combinations
phonemic inventory
the repertoire of phonemes used by the child to contrastively differentiate meaning.
- we might find that certain phonemes are not used contrastively in the child’s speech—that is, the child’s phonemic inventory is restricted.
phonotactic constrains
the phoneme use is restricted, and the phonemes are not used in all possible word positions
constraints
are any patterns noted that seem to limit or restrict the productional possibilities of our clients
The Speech Disorders Classification System
divided into types of speech sound disorders and possible etiologies.
- Speech delay
- Motor speech disorder
- speech errors
speech delay: definition
Onset between 3 and 9 years of age, represented by significant speech sound substitutions and deletions that may become age appropriate with treatment.
motor speech disorder: definition
Onset between 3 and 9 years of age, represented by significant speech sound distortions, deletions, and substitutions that may not be age appropriate even after treatment.
speech error: definition
Onset between 6 and 9 years of age, represented by speech sound distortion errors that occur primarily on s- and r-sounds. Although these problems may persist throughout the lifespan, they are not associated with the social and academic consequences that are noted in (1) speech delay or (2) motor speech disorder.
Speech delay: etiologies
a) a speech delay associated with cognitive-linguistic difficulties that may be transmitted genetically
(b) a speech delay marked by auditory-perceptual processing problems that result from the fluctuating hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion at a very early age
(c) a speech delay with psychosocial involvement.
Motor speech disorder: etiologies
(a) speech motor involvement with planning and/or programming restraints, which is consistent with apraxia of speech
(b) speech delay-dysarthria.
Speech errors : etiologies
(a) the distortion of s-sounds
(b) the distortion of r-sounds.
The descriptive-linguistic framework
consists of describing children’s speech sound difficulties according to the error patterns they demonstrate.
- developmental and compares the child’s deviant productions to those of children of the same age with normal speech sound acquisition.
Articulation disorder.
This is an inability to pronounce certain phones, typically s- and r-sounds. The child uses a consistent substitution or distortion for the target sound in both spontaneous and imitated productions.
Phonological delay
These children demonstrate phonological patterns that are evidenced in normal development but are typically noted at an earlier chronological age
Consistent phonological disorder
This involves consistent use of some non-developmental error patterns. These children may demonstrate atypical and idiosyncratic error patterns.
Inconsistent phonological disorder.
The phonological systems of these children show at least 40% variability of production when asked to name 25 pictures on 3 separate trials within a single session. Thus, multiple errors are demonstrated for the same word.
Childhood apraxia of speech.
This is seen as a multi-deficit motor-speech disorder involving phonological planning, phonetic, and motor programming difficulties
