Chapter 1

Question 1

communication

Answer 1

the process of sharing information between individuals

• a process that consists of two or more people sharing information, including facts, thoughts, ideas, and feelings.
• any way that we convey information from one person to another

Question 2

speech

Answer 2

the expression of thoughts in spoken words, that is, in oral, verbal communication

Question 3

articulation

Answer 3

the motor production of speech sounds

Question 4

fluency

Answer 4

the flow of speaking, including rate and rhythm; and voice, including vocal quality, pitch, loudness, and resonance

Question 5

language

Answer 5

Complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols used in various modes for thought and communication.
rule governed and is described by at least five linguistic parameters: phonological, morphological, syntactical, semantic, and pragmatic

Question 6

phonology

Answer 6

study of sounds

Question 7

morphology

Answer 7

study of the structures of words

Question 8

syntax

Answer 8

grammar

Question 9

semantics

Answer 9

study of meaning of words

Question 10

pragmatics

Answer 10

language is social situations

Question 11

communication disorder

Answer 11

is the impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts, including verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems
- speech, language, hearing and central auditory

Question 12

speech disorder

Answer 12

is the impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts, including verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems

• articulation
• fluency
• voice

Question 13

language disorder

Answer 13

the impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems.
- involve: phonology, morphology, syntax,semantics and pragmatics

Question 14

hearing impairment

Answer 14

typically classified as either hard of hearing or deaf.

Question 15

central auditory processing disorder

Answer 15

result in difficulties with information processing of auditory signals that are not related to impaired sensitivity of the auditory system

Question 16

articulation

Answer 16

the totality of motor movements involved in production of the actual sounds that comprise speech
- is a specific, gradually developing motor skill that involves motor processes.

Question 17

phones

Answer 17

sound realities; they are end products of articulatory motor processes.

Question 18

Linguistic function

Answer 18

the rules that address how specific sound units can be arranged to produce appropriate words and the phoneme concept

Question 19

phoneme

Answer 19

is the smallest linguistic unit that is able

Question 20

allophone

Answer 20

Variations in phoneme realizations, in phones, that do not change the meaning of a word when they are produced in differing contexts.
- the changes that occur in a phoneme when produced by speakers in differing contexts.

Question 21

Phonology

Answer 21

the study of how phonemes are organized and function in a language.

Question 22

phonotactics

Answer 22

refers to the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language

Question 23

speech sound disorder

Answer 23

Difficulties making certain sounds that continue past a certain age. ASHA (n.d.-b) states that a speech sound disorder can impact the form of speech sounds (customarily referred to as articulation disorders) and/or the function of speech sounds (phonemes) within a language system (traditionally referred to as phonological disorders).

Question 24

articulation disorder

Answer 24

subcategory of a speech disorder, is the atypical production of phones characterized by substitutions, omissions, additions, or distortions that may interfere with intelligibility

Question 25

phonological disorder

Answer 25

a subcategory of a language disorder, refers to the impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern these sound combinations

Question 26

phonemic inventory

Answer 26

the repertoire of phonemes used by the child to contrastively differentiate meaning.
- we might find that certain phonemes are not used contrastively in the child’s speech—that is, the child’s phonemic inventory is restricted.

Question 27

phonotactic constrains

Answer 27

the phoneme use is restricted, and the phonemes are not used in all possible word positions

Question 28

constraints

Answer 28

are any patterns noted that seem to limit or restrict the productional possibilities of our clients

Question 29

The Speech Disorders Classification System

Answer 29

divided into types of speech sound disorders and possible etiologies.

• Speech delay
• Motor speech disorder
• speech errors

Question 30

speech delay: definition

Answer 30

Onset between 3 and 9 years of age, represented by significant speech sound substitutions and deletions that may become age appropriate with treatment.

Question 31

motor speech disorder: definition

Answer 31

Onset between 3 and 9 years of age, represented by significant speech sound distortions, deletions, and substitutions that may not be age appropriate even after treatment.

Question 32

speech error: definition

Answer 32

Onset between 6 and 9 years of age, represented by speech sound distortion errors that occur primarily on s- and r-sounds. Although these problems may persist throughout the lifespan, they are not associated with the social and academic consequences that are noted in (1) speech delay or (2) motor speech disorder.

Question 33

Speech delay: etiologies

Answer 33

a) a speech delay associated with cognitive-linguistic difficulties that may be transmitted genetically
(b) a speech delay marked by auditory-perceptual processing problems that result from the fluctuating hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion at a very early age
(c) a speech delay with psychosocial involvement.

Question 34

Motor speech disorder: etiologies

Answer 34

(a) speech motor involvement with planning and/or programming restraints, which is consistent with apraxia of speech
(b) speech delay-dysarthria.

Question 35

Speech errors : etiologies

Answer 35

(a) the distortion of s-sounds

(b) the distortion of r-sounds.

Question 36

The descriptive-linguistic framework

Answer 36

consists of describing children’s speech sound difficulties according to the error patterns they demonstrate.
- developmental and compares the child’s deviant productions to those of children of the same age with normal speech sound acquisition.

Question 37

Articulation disorder.

Answer 37

This is an inability to pronounce certain phones, typically s- and r-sounds. The child uses a consistent substitution or distortion for the target sound in both spontaneous and imitated productions.

Question 38

Phonological delay

Answer 38

These children demonstrate phonological patterns that are evidenced in normal development but are typically noted at an earlier chronological age

Question 39

Consistent phonological disorder

Answer 39

This involves consistent use of some non-developmental error patterns. These children may demonstrate atypical and idiosyncratic error patterns.

Question 40

Inconsistent phonological disorder.

Answer 40

The phonological systems of these children show at least 40% variability of production when asked to name 25 pictures on 3 separate trials within a single session. Thus, multiple errors are demonstrated for the same word.

Question 41

Childhood apraxia of speech.

Answer 41

This is seen as a multi-deficit motor-speech disorder involving phonological planning, phonetic, and motor programming difficulties