Chapter 3 Flashcards
Which of the following describe the two key patterns of human growth?
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Which of the following statements accurately illustrate the growth of infants in the first year of life? (Select all that apply)
By their first birthday, infants are approximately triple their birth weight.
Infants increase their birth length by about 40 percent.
The period of rapid physical growth and hormonal changes during early adolescence that prepares the body for reproduction is referred to as
Puberty
Which of the following physical changes typically occurs first in females during puberty?
Breasts enlarge
The onset of a girl’s first menstrual period is commonly referred to as
menarche
What is the average infant height at 2 years of age?
32 to 35 inches
Dramatic biological changes caused by a cascade of different hormones that occur during adolescence are referred to as:
puberty.
The _____ that produce the changes associated with puberty are powerful chemical substances that are carried through the body by the bloodstream.
hormones
Compared to their first year of life, infants’ rate of growth (slows/increases) considerably during the second year.
slows
The ______ gland, located in the throat region, interacts with the pituitary gland to influence growth.
thyroid
The ______ gland is an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands.
pituitary
True or false: Both testosterone and estradiol are present in the hormonal makeup of both boys and girls.
True
Which of the following best characterizes the process of human growth?
Episodic
Lori, an avid tennis player, is beginning to feel some slight aches in her elbows and knees, something she has never experienced before. In terms of typical development, she is most likely in her:
thirties.
Which of the following releases gonadotropins and also works with the hypothalamus to secrete hormones that lead to growth and skeletal maturation?
Pituitary gland
The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at age ______ for girls and age ______ for boys.
11.5; 13.5
Which hormone is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls?
Estradiol
Common changes in physical appearance in late adulthood include which of the following? (Select all that apply)
Age spots
“Sagging” due to muscle loss
Facial wrinkles
Which statement is FALSE regarding physical changes in early adulthood ?
Most individuals continue to grow taller in early adulthood.
Which of the following is NOT a premise of the neuroconstructivist view?
The brain is wired at birth, and cells in the brain that process information simply mature over time.
During middle adulthood, people tend to ______ height.
lose
Key to maintaining muscle mass as we age is:
exercise and weight lifting.
The process of encasing axons in a layer of fat cells, which helps increase the speed and efficiency of information processing, is called:
myelination.
Typically, individuals reach a peak of muscle tone and strength in their:
late teens and early twenties.
What do gonadotropins do?
Stimulate the testes or ovaries
The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the importance of interactions between biological processes and:
environmental experience.
Infant brain mapping is being used to assess perceptual and cognitive activities including which of the following?
language
vision
hearing
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of aging in middle adulthood?
Weight loss
The layer of fat cells that encases many axons is called the:
myelin sheath.
Which of the following are true of children and their developing brains? (Select all that apply)
Children begin to attend to stimuli more effectively.
Brain development allows children to make strides in language development.
Children’s brains experience rapid, distinct growth spurts.
Owing to the lack of full development of the prefrontal cortex, which of the following tasks are still difficult for adolescents? (Select all that apply)
Decision making
Exhibiting self-control
Reasoning
Which of the following releases gonadotropins and also works with the hypothalamus to secrete hormones that lead to growth and skeletal maturation?
Pituitary gland
Researchers have documented neurogenesis in the ______, which is involved in memory, and in the olfactory bulb, which involves smell.
hippocampus
Infant brain activity mapping is being conducted through the use of ______ imaging.
MEG
Which of the following statements are true regarding brain development in childhood? (Select all that apply)
During childhood, brain and nervous system development allow children to focus their attention, plan their actions, and develop language skills.
Myelination facilitates a number of abilities, including hand-eye coordination.
The brain and head grow more rapidly than any other part of the body during early childhood.
What part of the brain thickens in adolescence, aiding the ability to process information?
Corpus callosum
The generation of new neurons is called:
neurogenesis.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used to measure an infant’s brain activity?
sonogram
The recommended number of hours of sleep for young children is:
11 to 13.
Sleep is essential for the human body to do which of the following?
increase cell production
increase synaptic connections
remove waste in neural tissues
improve memory
According to researchers, which of the following is more likely in adolescents who do not get adequate sleep on school nights?
falling asleep in school
feeling tired or sleepy
acting cranky and irritable
Which of the following statements is true about SIDS?
SIDS is the highest cause of infant death in the United States.
Chronic sleep deprivation
increases the risk of motor vehicle crashes.
Research on fifth-grade children has found that they need about ______ hours of sleep each night.
10 to 11
Research has shown that on an average, ______ percent of U.S. adolescents get eight or more hours of sleep on a school night.
32
The term “life ______” refers to the upper boundary of life.
span
Chronic sleep deprivation is the result of:
regularly getting less than seven hours of sleep in a 24-hour period.
True or false: Centenarians in the United States are less common today than they will likely be in 2050.
True
Cellular _____ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.
Clock
Losing just a few hours of ______ can have negative effects on attention, reasoning, and decision making.
sleep
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to disorders?
Free-radical theory
The term ______ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live.
life span
According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, what causes mitochondrial decay? (Select all that apply)
Loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell
Oxidative damage
The biological theory of aging known as the ______ theory suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 75 to 80 times and that cells become less capable of dividing as people age.
cellular clock
Researchers have found that ______ reduces oxidative damage created by free radicals.
calorie restriction
Which of the following are linked to defects in mitochondria? (Select all that apply)
Alzheimer disease
Impaired liver functioning
Parkinson disease
