Chapter 2

Question 1

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Answer 1

Down syndrome

Question 2

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?

Answer 2

The genetic code inherited from our parents

Question 3

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of both.

Answer 3

Behavior geneticists

Question 4

______ are units of hereditary information that help cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

Answer 4

Genes

Question 5

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

Answer 5

Passive

Question 6

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

Answer 6

epigenetic

Question 7

True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome?

Answer 8

An extra Y chromosome

Question 9

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?

Answer 9

Twin or adoption studies

Question 10

Fertilization typically takes place in the:

Answer 10

fallopian tube.

Question 11

According to Gilbert Gottlieb’s epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

Answer 11

Bidirectional

Question 12

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors

Answer 12

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop.

Question 13

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

Answer 13

Creation of the fertilized egg
Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
Cell division

Question 14

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

Answer 14

Behavior genetics

Question 15

The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins the week after conception.

Answer 15

differentiation

Question 16

The female egg is known as the:

Answer 16

ovum.

Question 17

During which period the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear?

Answer 17

Embryonic

Question 18

The _____ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Answer 18

Germinal

Question 19

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as a(n):

Answer 19

embryo.

Question 20

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Answer 20

Genetic risk factors
Medical history
Mother’s age

Question 21

The fertilized egg is called the:

Answer 21

zygote.

Question 22

Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from a male unites with an ovum in a process called:

Answer 22

fertilization.

Question 23

The embryonic period occurs from ____ weeks to eight weeks after conception.

Answer 23

two

Question 24

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n):

Answer 24

teratogen.

Question 25

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 25

the Apgar Scale.

Question 26

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

Answer 26

genetic susceptibility time of exposure the dosage

Question 27

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) _____ to the unborn fetus.

Answer 27

teratogen

Question 28

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs? (Select all that apply)

Answer 28

Caffeine Marijuana Alcohol Nicotine

Question 29

Which of the following are considered teratogens? (Select all that apply)

Answer 29

``` Maternal stress Infectious disease Advanced paternal age Drugs Nutritional deficiencies ```

Question 30

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as:

Answer 30

organogenesis.

Question 31

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?

Answer 32

The dose of the teratogen

Question 33

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens? (Select all that apply)

Answer 33

Acne medications Some antidepressants Synthetic estrogen Antibiotics

Question 34

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is:

Answer 34

psychoactive drugs.

Question 35

According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring?

Answer 35

Lower birth weight

Question 36

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

Answer 36

drank alcohol

Question 37

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

Answer 37

time of exposure the dosage genetic susceptibility

Question 38

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Answer 38

A defined schedule of visits for medial care Testing for treatable diseases Screening for manageable conditions

Question 39

All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, EXCEPT:

Answer 39

blood pressure.

Question 40

Which of the following statements are true of a doula? (Select all that apply)

Answer 40

A doula is a caregiver. | A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

Question 41

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

Answer 41

Apgar Scale

Question 42

True or false: Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small for date infants.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as:

Answer 43

bonding.

Question 44

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components? (Select all that apply)

Answer 44

Nutritional services Social services Comprehensive educational services

Question 45

How long does the postpartum period last?

Answer 45

about 6 weeks

Question 46

Twyla is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for mother-to-be Aysha. Twyla will provide help before, during, and after Aysha's delivery, though she is not qualified to perform or assist with medical procedures in the case of emergency. Twyla is most likely what type of caregiver?

Answer 46

A doula

Question 47

The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following, EXCEPT:

Answer 47

size and weight.

Question 48

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant.

Answer 48

low birth weight

Question 49

Which of the following are cases for which early close contact between mother and infant in the hospital may be of particular benefit? (Select all that apply)

Answer 49

The mother is from disadvantaged circumstances. The mother is a teenager. The infant is preterm.

Question 50

True or false: Most research of newborns shows that they must have close contact with the mother in the first few days of life to develop emotions.

Answer 50

False

Question 51

Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale? (Select all that apply)

Answer 51

It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation. | It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment.