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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

A method of inquiry that provides for the systematic collection of data, controlled observation, and the testing of hypotheses

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative explanation for certain facts or observation

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3
Q

Case study

A

An intensive study of one individual that relies on clinical data

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4
Q

Correlational studies

A

Allow researchers to look at data from a group to determine if variations in one variable are accompanied by increases or decreases in a second variable

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5
Q

Positive correlation

A

An increase in one variable was accompanied by an increase in the other

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6
Q

Negative correlation

A

Involves an increase in one variable accompanied by a decrease in the other

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7
Q

Experiment

A

A technique of scientific inquiry in which a prediction is made about two variables; the independent variable is then manipulated in a controlled situation, and changes in dependent variable are measured

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8
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

A prediction concerning how an independent variable will affect a dependent variable in an experiment

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

(The possible cause), which the experimenter manipulates to determine its effect on the dependent variable

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

Expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable

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11
Q

The Experimental Group

A

Group exposed to independent variable

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12
Q

The Control Group

A

Group similar in every way to the experimental group except they are not exposed to the independent variable

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13
Q

The Placebo Group

A

If improvement is made it is from an element of expectancy

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14
Q

Placebo effect

A

Improvement produced by expectations of a positive treatment outcome

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15
Q

Single-blind study

A

An experimental design in which only participants are unaware of the purpose of the research

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16
Q

Double-blind study

A

An experimental design in which neither those helping with the experiment nor the participants are aware of experimental conditions

17
Q

Analogue study

A

An investigation that attempts to replicate or stimulate, under controlled conditions, a situation that occurs in real life

18
Q

Field Study

A

An investigative technique in which behaviors and events are observed and recorded in their natural environment

19
Q

Endophenotypes

A

Measurable characteristics that can give clues regarding the specific genes involved in disorders

20
Q

Twin studies

A

Researchers often make comparisons between identical and fraternal twins to evaluate heredity and environmental influences on development

21
Q

Genetic Linkage Studies

A

Studies that attempt to determine whether a disorder follows a genetic pattern

22
Q

Epigenetic Research

A

Focus on environmental factors that influence whether or not a gene is expressed

23
Q

Epidemiological Research

A

The study of the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in a population

24
Q

Prevalence

A

The percentage of individuals in a targeted population who have a particular disorder during a specific period of time

25
Q

Lifetime Prevalence

A

The percentage of people in the population who have had a disorder at some point in their lives

26
Q

Psychodiagnosis

A

Assessment and description of an individuals psychological symptoms, including inferences about what might be causing psychological distress

27
Q

Reliability

A

The degree to which a procedure, test, or classification yields the same results repeatedly under the same circumstances

28
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Determines whether a measure yields the same results when given at two different points in time

29
Q

Internal consistency reliability

A

Requires that various parts of a test yield similar/consistent results

30
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Refers to how consistent or inconsistent test results are when scored by different test admins

31
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which an instrument measures what it was developed to measure

32
Q

Predictive validity

A

How well a test or measure predicts or forecasts a person’s behavior, response, or performance

33
Q

Construct validity

A

How well a test or measure relates to the characteristics or disorder in question

34
Q

Psychosis

A

A condition involving loss of contact with or a distorted view of reality, including disorganized thinking, false beliefs, or seeing/hearing things not really there

35
Q

Standardization

A

The use of identical procedures in the administration of tests

36
Q

Standardization sample

A

The comparison group on which test norms are based

37
Q

Projective personality tests

A

Test involving responses to ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots, pictures, or incomplete sentences

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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