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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Model

A

An analogy used by scientists, usually to describe or explain a phenomenon or process they cannot directly observe

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2
Q

Multipath model

A

A model that provides an organizational framework for understanding the numerous influences on the development of mental disorders, the complexity of their interacting components , and the need to view disorders from a holistic framework

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3
Q

Dimension one: Biological factors

A

Genetics, brain anatomy and physiology, CNS functioning, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and so forth

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4
Q

Dimension two: Psychological factors

A

Personality, emotions, learning, coping skills, and so forth

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5
Q

Dimension three: Social factors

A

Family and other interpersonal relationships, social support, community connections, and so forth

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6
Q

Dimension four: Sociocultural factors

A

Race, gender, sexual orientation, spirituality or religion, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture, and so forth

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7
Q

Impulsivity

A

A tendency to act quickly without careful thought

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8
Q

Protective factors

A

Conditions or attributes that lessen or eliminate the risk of a negative psychological or social outcome

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9
Q

Resilience

A

The ability to recover from stress or adversity

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10
Q

The forebrain

A

Responsible for higher level mental processes

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11
Q

The midbrain

A

Involved with basic functions such as hearing and vision, motor movement, alertness and sleep/ wake cycles and temp regulation

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12
Q

The hindbrain

A

The most primitive brain region; designed for self-preservation and survival; responsible for instinctive behavior, balance and equilibrium, and heartbeat, respiration, and digestion

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layers of the brain tissue; covers the cerebrum; consists of neurons

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14
Q

Neurons

A

A nerve cell that transmits messages throughout the body

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15
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

The outer most layer of the prefrontal lobe responsible for inhibiting instinctive responses and performing complex cognitive behavior such as attention and emotions

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16
Q

Executive functioning

A

Mental processes that involve the planning, organizing, and attention required to meet short term and long term goals

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17
Q

Limbic system

A

The group of deep brain structures associated with emotions, decision making, and memory formation

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18
Q

Amygdala

A

The brain structure involved with psychological reactivity and emotional memories (Anger and fear)

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

The brain structure involved with the formation, organization, and storing of emotionally relevant memories

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20
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

A system that coordinates basic psychological functions and regulates physical responses associated with emotional reactions

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The brain structure that regulates bodily drives, such as huger, thirst, and sexual responses, and temp and circadian rhythms

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22
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)

A

A system activated under conditions of stress or emotional arousal

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23
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A gland that stimulates hormones associates with growth, sexual and repro development, metabolism, and stress response

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24
Q

Hormones

A

Regulatory chemicals that influence various physiological activities, such as metabolism, digestion, growth, and mood

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25
Q

Adrenal gland

A

A gland that releases sex hormones and other hormones, such as cortisol, in response to stress

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26
Q

Glia

A

Cells that support and protect neurons, including shaping the brains neural circuits

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27
Q

Neural circuits

A

The signal relaying network of interconnected neurons.

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28
Q

Dendrites

A

A short, rootlike structure on the neuron cell body that receives signals from other neurons

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29
Q

Axon

A

An extension on the neuron cell body that sends signals to other neurons, muscles, and glands

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30
Q

Myelin

A

White, fatty material that surrounds and insulates axons

31
Q

Myelination

A

The process by which the myelin sheaths increase the efficiency of signal transmission between nerve cells; by providing tracks along which regrowth can occur

32
Q

White matter

A

Brain tissue comprised of myelinated nerve pathways

33
Q

Gray matter

A

Brain tissue comprised of the cell bodies of neurons and glia

34
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Any group of chemicals that help transmit messages between neurons

35
Q

Synapse

A

A tiny gap that exists between the axon of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron

36
Q

Reuptake

A

The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter after an impulse has been transmitted across the synapse

37
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The process by which the brain changes to compensate for injury or to adapt to environmental changes

38
Q

Heredity

A

The genetic transmission of personal characteristics

39
Q

Traits

A

A distinguishing quality or characteristic

40
Q

Genes

A

Segments of DNA coded with info needed for the biological inheritance of various traits

41
Q

Genotype

A

A person’s genetic makeup

42
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable physical and behavioral characteristics resulting from the interaction between the genotype and the environment

43
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which information encoded in a gene is translated into a specialized function or phenotype; determines if genes are turned on or off

44
Q

Genetic mutations

A

An alteration in a gene that changes the instructions within the gene

45
Q

Allels

A

The gene pair responsible for a specific trait

46
Q

Epigenetics

A

A field of biological research focused on understanding how environmental factors influence gene expression

47
Q

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

A

Side effects of antipsychotic medications that can effect a persons gait, movement, or posture

48
Q

Psychodynamic models

A

Model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and that many of these childhood based anxieties operate unconsciously

49
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

In psychoanalytic theory, an ego protection strategy that shelters the individual from anxiety, operates unconsciously, and distorts reality

50
Q

Repression

A

Preventing forbidden/ dangerous thoughts/ desires from entering one’s consciousness

51
Q

Reaction formation

A

Acting in a manner opposite to one’s unconscious wishes / feelings

52
Q

Projection

A

Distancing oneself from unwanted desires/thoughts by attributing them to others

53
Q

Rationalization

A

Explaining one’s behavior by giving socially acceptable reasons unrelated to ones true motives

54
Q

Displacement

A

Directing an emotion, such as hostility/anxiety, toward a substitute target

55
Q

Undoing

A

Attempting to right a wrong or negate an unconscious thought, impulse, or act

56
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to an earlier developmental level that demands less mature responses and aspirations

57
Q

Behavioral Models

A

Models of psychopathology concerned with the role of learning in abnormal behavior

58
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A process in which responses to new stimuli are learned through association

59
Q

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)

A

The stimulus that elicits an unconditional response

60
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

The unlearned response made to an unconditioned stimulus

61
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some of the properties of another stimulus with which it has been paired

62
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some of the properties of another stimulus with which it has been paired

63
Q

Extinction

A

The decrease or cessation of a behavior due to the gradual weakening of a classically or operantly conditioned response

64
Q

Operant conditioning

A

The theory of learning that holds that behaviors are controlled by consequences that follow them

65
Q

Operant behavior

A

Voluntary and controllable behavior, such as walking/thinking, that operates on an individuals environment

66
Q

Reinforcers

A

Anything that influences the frequency or magnitude of a behavior

67
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Desirable actions/ rewards that increase the likelihood of a particular behavior will occur

68
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

The optimistic viewpoint that people are born with the ability to fulfill their full potential an that abnormal behavior results from disharmony between a persons potential and self concept

69
Q

Conjoint system

A

(Virginia Satir 1967) Stresses the importance of clear and direct communication and teaches message sending and receiving skills to family members

70
Q

Strategic family approaches

A

(Haley 1963, 1967) Consider power struggles within the family and focuses on developing a more healthy power distribution

71
Q

Structural family approaches

A

(Minuchin 1974) Attempt to recognize family relationships based on the assumption that family dysfunction occurs when family members have too much/too little involvement with each other

72
Q

Acculturative stress

A

The psychological, physical, and social pressures experienced by individuals who are adapting to a new culture

73
Q

Universal Shamanic Tradition

A

The set of beliefs and practices from non western indigenous traditions that assume that special healers are blessed with powers

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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