Chapter 3

Question 1

Causes of high and low WCC

Answer 1

High : infection, malignancy

Low: immx drugs, clozapine, carbimazole, haematological conditions,

Question 2

Causes of high sodium

Answer 2

D D D D

Drip
dehydration
Drugs
DI

Question 3

Causes of low sodium

Answer 3

Hypovolaemic - D&V, diuretics, addisons

Euvolaemic - hypothyroid, SIADH,

Hypervolaemic - heart failure, renal failure, liver failure, nutritional insufficiency, hypothyroidism

Question 4

Causes of SIADH

Answer 4

Small cell lung cancer

Infection

Abscess

Drugs - carbamazepine, antipsychotics

Head injury

Question 5

Causes of hypokalaemia

Answer 5

DIRE

Drugs (loop, thiazide diuretics)
Inadequate intake or intestinal loss
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine (cushings/conns)

Question 6

Causes of hyperkalaemia

Answer 6

DREAD

Drugs (acei, sprinolactone)
Renal failure
Endocrine (addisons)
Artefact
DKA

Question 7

Common drugs that cause derranged AST/ALT?

Answer 7

Paracetamol, statin, rifampicin

Question 8

Common drugs that cause raised ALP?

Answer 8

Flucloxacillin, nitrofurantoin, coamoxiclav, steroids and sulphonylureas

Question 9

Common dosing for gentamicin?

Answer 9

5-7mg/kg in one dose per 24hr

Question 10

Common toxicity features of gentamicin and vancomycin?

Answer 10

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Question 11

Common early sign of lithium toxicity

Answer 11

Tremor

Question 12

Causes of intrinsic AKI?

Answer 12

INTRINSIC

Ischaemia (acute tubular necrosis)
Nephrotoxic antibiotics
Tablets (NSAID, ACEI)
Radio contrast
Injury (rhabdomyolisys)
Negatively birefringent crystals
Syndromes (glomerulonephritis)
Inflammation (vasculitis)
Cholesterol emboli

Question 13

Side effects of steroids

Answer 13

STEROIDS

Skin thinning
Tummy ulcers
Edema
Right/left heart failure
Osteoporosis
Infections
Diabetes
Syndrome cushings