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Bio 211 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell theory

A
  • The basic unit of life is the cell
  • All living things are made of cell(s)
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

A cell in which the DNA is enclosed in a membrane0enclosed organelle known as the nucleus

Animals, Plants, fungi, protozoa, and algae

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

A cell in which the DNA is not enclosed within a membrane-enclosed nucleus

bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Similarites

  • composed of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and necleic acids
  • genetic information encoded in DNA
  • similar production of proteins
  • ribosomes present

Eukaryotes

  • variety of membrane bound organelles
  • Nucleus
  • larger

Prokaryotes

  • No membrane bound organelles
  • No nucleus
  • smaller
  • plasmid
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5
Q

Bacterial cell shape

A
  • bacilli - rod
  • cocci - spherical
  • spirilla - loose spiral
  • spirochete - tight spiral
  • vibro - comma-shaped
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6
Q

Bacterial cell arrangements

A
  • diplo - pairs
  • strepto - chains
  • staphylo - clusters
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7
Q

virulence factor

A

characteristic that increases the disease-causing capacity of the microorganism

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8
Q

glycocalyx

A

The gel-like layer composed of polysaccharides, secreted by many bacteria to form a layer exterior to the cell wall

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9
Q

glycocalyx subcategories

A

capsule, slime coat, EPS

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10
Q

EPS (extracellular polysaccharides)

A

thin sugary layer

stick and hydrate

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11
Q

Capsule

A

big, organgized

lots of attachment sites

virulence factor

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12
Q

Slime coat

A

polysaccharides and proteins

big, loosely attached

stick, food, protection

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13
Q

What are the domains and what organisms fall in each?

A
  1. Archea
    1. extremophiles
  2. Bacteria
    1. mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria
  3. Eukarya
    1. plants, animals, fungi, protists
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14
Q

What criteria must be met for something to be considered “living”?

A
  • respond to environment
  • make and use energy
  • reproduce
  • maintain homeostasis
  • genetic material (DNA)
  • made up of cell(s)
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15
Q

What is the basic structure of the flagella?

A

hook, filament, basal body

  • monotrichous
    • single flagellum at one pole
  • amphitrichous
    • single flagellum at both poles
  • peritrichous
    • surrounded by flagella
  • lophotrichous
    • multiple flagella at end (like a horse tail)
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16
Q

How are scientific names determined and how are they properly presented?

A

Genus species

17
Q

Taxis

A

If the organism moves towards the stimulus the taxis is positive

while if it moves away the taxis is negative

18
Q

Please explain what the following are: axial filaments, fimbriae, pili, and what purpose(s) they may serve for the bacteria.

A
  • axial filaments
    • a filament that wraps around the cell and makes the cell move in a cork screw movement
  • fimbiae
    • help cells adhere to surfaces
  • pili
    • are involved in twitching motility and DNA transfer.
19
Q

What is the plasmid? How does this “extra” DNA benefit bacteria? How do we exploit this “extra” DNA?

A

A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan.

antibiotic resistance

Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes

20
Q

Inclusions and their benefit

A
  • metachromatic granules
    • PO4
      • ​synthesis of ATP
  • polysaccharide granules
    • glycogen/starch
  • lipid inclusions
    • PHB
      • reserve carbon and energy source
  • sulfur granules
    • reserve of electrons (reducing source) in phototrophs; reserve energy source in lithotrophs
  • carboxysomes
    • “fix” CO2
  • Magnetosomes
    • Fe3O4
      • ​orienting and migrating along geo- magnetic field lines
  • gas vacuoles
    • buoyancy (floatation) in the vertical water column
21
Q

Endospores

A

A structure formed by some bacteria that allows the cell to persist in a metabolically inactive state when the environment is not conductive of growth

Not all bacteria can form endospores

22
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

disaccharide (sugar) - NAG NAM NAG NAM
selective toxicity

penicillin blocks the formation of pentaglycine bridge

4 amino acids, interbridge, ß-1,4 glycosidic bond (linkage)

eukaryotes do not have peptidoglycan

Bio 211 (5 decks)

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