Chapter 3 Flashcards
The vertebral column consists of __ vertebrae. There are __ cervical vertebrae, __ thoracic vertebrae, __ lumbar vertebrae, __ fused sacral vertebrae and __ or __ coccygeal vertebrae
30 7 12 5 5 1 or 2
Each vertebra has two main parts, a ___ and a ___ ___
Body
Vertebral Arch
The ___ is the weight bearing portion of the bone
Body
The bodies articulate ___ with each other via intervertebral discs.
Vertically
The discs have an outer fibrocartilage cortex, the ___ ___
Annulus Fibrosus
The Annulus Fibrosus is the ___ _____ ____ of the disc
Outer Fibrocartilage Cortex
The discs have a pulpy inner core (medulla) called the ___ ___
Nucleus Pulposus
The Nucleus Pulposus is the ___ ____ ____ (medulla) of the disc
Pulpy Inner Core
The _____ ____ is made up of 4 bony processes
Vertebral Arch
2 of the bony the processes, the rounded ____
Pedicles
The other 2 are flatter and are called ____
Laminae
The arch and the posterior aspect of the vertebral body together create the ____ _____
Vertebral Foramen
The vertical cylinder made up of all the vertebral foramen is called the ____ ____
Vertebral Canal
___ processes projects laterally from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae
Transverse
Transverse processes projects ____ from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae
Laterally
The transverse processes serve as attachments for ___ and in the thorax serve as attachments for the ___ via the transverse costal facets
Muscles
Ribs
This single process (_____ process) projects backwards from the union of the 2 laminae
Spinous
The infravertebral notch and the merging of the superior and inferior articular processes together with the top of the inferior lamina make a ____ when viewed ____; these are called ____ ____
Foramen
Laterally
Intervertebral Foramina
The INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA are very important, for it is through these foramina that the ___ ____ exit
Spinal Nerves
INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN
A ____ rupturing in this space, “___ ____ ____” can cause severe neurological problems
Disc
A Slipped Disc
The lower 5 ____ vertebrae may be considered typical
Cervioal
The ___ (C1) has a much larger foramen than the other cervical vertebrae
Atlas
C1 is large superiorly in order to accommodate the equally large _____ _____ on the Inferior skull
Occipital Condyles
C1 and Occipital Condyles comprise the
________-_________ _____
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
A prominent feature of the ____ (C2) is the ____
Axis
Dens
The dens is held into the anterior part of the foramen by a ligament on the atlas, the _______ _______
Transverse Ligament
The articulation provided by atlas and the dens is a ____ joint
Pivot
The _____ joint between the articular processes of the atlas and axis has a large horizontal surface; this joint allows horizontal rotation. Hence these 2 joints allow ____ and _____ rotation
Intervertebral
Flexion
rotation
The transverse process are remarkable in that they possess a vertical foramen for the passage of the ____ artery and ____
Vertebral
Vein
Most of the spinous processes (except for ___) are bifid
C1
The apophyseal joints of the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae are oriented _____
Coronally
The apophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae are oriented _____ allowing for the principal movements of _____ and extension
Sagittally
Flexion
Both the spinous process and the transverse process are ______ and ___
Horizontal
Stout
There is a row of 4 sacral _____, allowing the passage of sacral nerves
Foramina
Curvatures of the Vertebral Column Cervical - \_\_\_\_ anteriorly Thoracic - \_\_\_\_\_ anteriorly Lumbar - \_\_\_\_\_ anteriorly Sacral - \_\_\_\_\_ anteriorly
Convex
Concave
Convex
Concave
Of the 4 curvatures, the ____ and _____ are considered primary
Thoracic
Sacral
Primary curvatures are present in the ____ and secondary curvatures develop ____ _____
Fetus
After Birth
_____ is excessive curvature in the upper thoracic region
Kyphosis
_____ is excessive curvature in the lumbar region
Lordosis
_____ is a coronal malcurvature of the spine to one or both sides
Scoliosis
Longitudinal Ligaments, of which there are two, run virtually the ____ _____ of the spinal column. They are connected to each of the vertebral bodies, one on the ____ aspect and one on the ___ aspect
Whole Length
Ventral
Dorsal
______ Longitudinal Ligament - the stronger of the 2 ligaments that runs down the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
Anterior
The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament is the ____ of the two ligaments and runs down the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
Stronger
_____ Longitudinal Ligament - runs down along the dorsal aspects of the vertebral bodies in the vertebral canal
Posterior
_______ _____ join the laminae of the vertebrae. They are deep within the neural arches. They are made up of ____ tissue and thus they can stretch
Ligamentum Flavum
Elastic
Ligamentum Flavum join the ____ of the vertebrae
Laminae
__________ _____ connect adjacent spinous processes. They are particularly strong in the lumbar region
Interspinous Ligaments
Interspinous Ligaments connect adjacent ____ processes. They are particularly strong in the ____ region
Spinous
Lumbar
_______ _______ connect the tip of one spinous process to another. They make up a cord-like structure running the length of the vertebral column. In the neck, the supra- and inter-spinous ligaments are very much reinforced; in this region, the ligament is called the Ligamentum Nuchae
Supraspinous Ligaments
Supraspinous Ligaments connect the tip of 1 ____ _____ with another
Spinous Process
_______ ______ connects the transverse processes with each other
Intertransverse Ligaments
Intertransverse Ligaments connect the ______ processes with each other
Transverse
THE NECK MUSCLES include the _____ Capitis and the _____ Capitis, which both take origin from the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebral arches
Splenius
Semispinalis
The Semispinalis Capitis inserts on the ______ bone
Occipital
The Splenius Capitis muscle runs obliquely and inserts onto the _____ process
Mastoid
SUPERFICIAL BACK MUSCLE GROUP
Consists of only the _____ _____. They are 3 parallel sets of muscles running up… the 3 groups, from medial to lateral are _______, ________ and ________
Erector Spinae
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
DEEP BACK MUSCLE GROUP
Involves the tiny ______ muscles
Transversospinalis
The back muscles extend along the entire vertebral column and aid in _____. The deep group also produces localized _____ rotation
Posture
Lateral
All of the vertebral muscles are innervated by the _____ ____ of the spinal nerves, which exit from the intervertebral foramina at each spinal level
Dorsal Rami
