Chapter 3 Flashcards
extradition clause
An accused person who flees to another state must be returned to the state in which he/she allegedly committed the crime.
federal system
System of government in which powers are divided between the national government and state or local governments.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.
full faith and credit clause
addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the “public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.
Gibbons v. Ogden
a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
Great Society
a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.
Herbert Hoover
an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression.
implied powers
powers of U.S. government which have not been explicitly granted by the Constitution but that is implied by the necessary and proper clause to be delegated for the purpose of carrying out the enumerated powers.
interstate compact
An agreement among two or more states. Congress must approve most such agreements.
Iroquois Confederacy
an alliance of five, later six, American Indian tribes—the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora—located in modern-day New York state.
John C. Calhoun
served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828.
John Marshall
an American politician who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. Marshall remains the longest-serving chief justice in Supreme Court history, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential justices to ever sit on the Supreme Court.
Lyndon B. Johnson
an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Formerly the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963, he became president after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
McCulloch v. Maryland
a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.
monarchy
a form of government in which ruling power is in the hands of one person
municipalization
the transfer of corporations or other assets to municipal ownership. The transfer may be from private ownership (usually by purchase) or from other levels of government.
New Deal
a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations enacted by liberal Democrats led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936.
New Federalism
an attempt in the 70’s and 80’s to restore some powers to the states from the Government.
nullification
To reject a federal law at the state level. It was used to safe-guard slavery in the southern states, including South Carolina.
oligarchy
a political system governed by a few people
privileges and immunities clause
A constitutional clause which is designed to prevent states from discriminating against out of state citizens on matters of fundamental or essential rights and activities
programmatic requests
federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district
progressive federalism
Movement that gives state officials significant leeway in acting on issues normally considered national in scope, such as the environment and consumer protection
Reconstruction
process of reuniting the country and rebuilding the South after the Civil War
reserved powers
State Powers, which include: Regulate trade within the state, establish local government systems, conduct elections, establish public school systems
Roger B. Taney
the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864.
Ronald Reagan
an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
secession
the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War.
Seventeenth Amendment
Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
Sixteenth Amendment
Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
special district
Unit of local government created to perform specific functions. E.g., soil and water conservation districts work to prevent soil erosion and preserve water resources.
Tenth Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
totalitarianism
a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state
unitary system
A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the U.S. in the time of the Civil War.
Andrew Johnson
A democrat, he was the VP under Republican Lincoln (Lincoln chose him for that reason) He promised to Punish the South after Lincoln died.
Barrack Obama
The 44th president of the United States (2009-2017). He previously served in the Senate, representing Illinois (2004-2008). He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in diplomacy in 2009, and his work to expand health insurance coverage led to the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010.
Barron v. Baltimore
the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution’s Bill of Rights restricts only the powers of the federal government and not those of the state governments.
bill of attainder
an act of legislature finding a person guilty without trial
block grant
a grant from a central government that a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services.
Calvin Coolidge
an American politician and the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor.
categorical grants
federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or “categories,” of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions.
Civil War
The war that divides America in the 1860s. A war between citizens of the same country.
charter
a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony, city, or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges.
Concurrent Powers
powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments
Confederate States of America
A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States
confederation
An alliance of independent states in which most authority is retained at the local or state level and very little is given to a central power
cooperative federalism
A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government
counties
normally the largest territorial and political subdivision of a state
democracy
a system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences
Dillon’s Rule
a rule that limits the powers of local gov’t to those expressly granted by the state or those powers closely linked to the express powers
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
dual federalism
A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.
enumerated powers
specific powers granted to congress under Article I, section 8, of the constitution; these powers include taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and the authority to provide for a national defense.
ex post facto law
“after the fact.” An ex post facto law is one which makes a particular act illegal, and punishes people who committed that crime before the law was passed, i.e., when the act was legal. (denied to state/national)
