Chapter 2

Question 1

Crispus Attucks

Answer 1

an American stevedore of African and Native American descent, widely regarded as the first person killed in the Boston massacre and thus the first American killed in the American Revolution.

Question 2

Critical Period

Answer 2

refers to the period of United States history in the 1780s, right after the American Revolution, where the future of the newly formed nation was in the balance.

Question 3

Declaration of Independence

Answer 3

the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.

Question 4

Electoral College

Answer 4

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Question 5

Enumerated Powers

Answer 5

they describe how a central government with three distinct branches can operate effectively.

Question 6

federalism

Answer 6

the federal principle or system of government

Question 7

Federalists

Answer 7

a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority.

Question 8

The Federalist Papers

Answer 8

A series of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in the late 1780s to persuade the voters of New York to adopt the Constitution.

Question 9

First Continental Congress

Answer 9

a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters’ Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution.

Question 10

French and Indian War

Answer 10

a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters’ Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution.

Question 11

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Answer 11

addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the “public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.

Question 12

George Washington

Answer 12

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

Question 13

Great Compromise

Answer 13

an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution.

Question 14

implied powers

Answer 14

powers of U.S. government which have not been explicitly granted by the Constitution but that is implied by the necessary and proper clause to be delegated for the purpose of carrying out the enumerated powers.

Question 15

inherent powers

Answer 15

powers that Congress and the president need in order to get the job done right. Although not specified in the Constitution, they are reasonable powers that are a logical part of the powers delegated to Congress and the president

Question 16

James Madison

Answer 16

a member of the Continental Congress. A leader in the drafting of the Constitution, he worked tirelessly for its adoption by the states, contributing several essays to The Federalist Papers. He served as president from 1809 to 1817, after Thomas Jefferson.

Question 17

John Jay

Answer 17

an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, negotiator and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, second Governor of New York, and the first Chief Justice of the United States.

Question 18

Lexington and Concord

Answer 18

an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, negotiator and signatory of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, second Governor of New York, and the first Chief Justice of the United States.

Question 19

mercantilism

Answer 19

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Question 20

Montesquieu

Answer 20

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Question 21

necessary and proper clause

Answer 21

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Question 22

New Jersey Plan

Answer 22

a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.

Question 23

New World

Answer 23

one of the names used for the majority of Earth’s Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas

Question 24

political culture

Answer 24

thus the manifestation of the psychological and subjective dimensions of politics. A political culture is the product of both the history of a political system and the histories of the members.

Question 25

Samuel Adams

Answer 25

American Revolutionary leader and patriot; an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Question 26

Second Continental Congress

Answer 26

a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Question 27

separation of powers

Answer 27

an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

Question 28

Shay’s Rebellion

Answer 28

an armed uprising in Massachusetts, mostly in and around Springfield during 1786 and 1787

Question 29

Social Contract Theory

Answer 29

In both moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

Question 30

Sons and Daughters Liberty

Answer 30

Like other secret clubs at the time, the Sons of Liberty had many rituals. They had secret code words, medals, and symbols. Originally formed in response to the Stamp Act, their activities were far more than ceremonial.

Question 31

Stamp Act Congress

Answer 31

meeting of representatives of 9 of the 13 colonies held in NYC in 1765, during which representatives drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights have been violated

Question 32

supremacy clause

Answer 32

The clause in United States Constitution’s Article VI, stating that all laws made furthering the Constitution and all treaties made under the authority of the United States are the “supreme law of the land.

Question 33

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 33

an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

Question 34

Thomas Paine

Answer 34

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist’s fight for independence and supported the French Revolution.

Question 35

Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 35

a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention.

Question 36

Virginia Plan

Answer 36

a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

Question 37

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 37

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr

Question 38

Anti-Federalists

Answer 38

a diverse coalition of people who opposed ratification of the Constitution. Although less well organized than the Federalists, they also had an impressive group of leaders who were especially prominent in state politics.

Question 39

Article I

Answer 39

gives Congress its powers and limits. Congress is the legislative branch of the government, meaning they are the ones to make laws for the United States of America

Question 40

Article II

Answer 40

The section that makes the executive branch of the government. The Executive branch of the government is the branch that has the responsibility and authority for the administration throughout the day of the state.

Question 41

Article III

Answer 41

The section that creates the judicial branch in the United States. The Judicial branch is the system of courts that look at the law and applies it to different cases.

Question 42

Article IV

Answer 42

This clause says that the states must protect immunities and privileges between states.

Question 43

Article V

Answer 43

the article that about how the United States Constitution can be changed. The only ways to change the constitution is by adding an amendment.

Question 44

Article VI

Answer 44

establishes the laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme law of the land, forbids a religious test as a requirement for holding a governmental position and holds the United States under the Constitution responsible for debts incurred by the United States under the Articles of Confederation.

Question 45

Articles of Confederation

Answer 45

the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.

Question 46

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 46

printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity

Question 47

Bill of Rights

Answer 47

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

Question 48

checks and balances

Answer 48

counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.

Question 49

Common Sense

Answer 49

good sense and sound judgment in practical matters.

Question 50

constitution

Answer 50

a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

Question 51

Constitutional Congress

Answer 51

a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies. It became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution.