Chapter 3

Question 1

What is he percentage of water weight water in cells?

What is the water molecule?

Answer 1

70%
Polar molecule with a 2 negative charge oxygen and 2 positive charged hydrogen’s
This causes it to be able to form hydrogen bonds with itself and other polar molecules and charged ions

Question 2

What takes up 80-90% of dry weight in cells

Answer 2

Proteins, nucleic acids, and most carbohydrates

Question 3

What is the basic structure of a monosaccharide?

What is a disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide?

Answer 3

(CH2O)n
Disaccharide- 2 mono’s lactose or sucrose
Oligosaccharide- 3 or more mono’s
Polysaccharide- 100s to 1000s of mono’s, glycogen or starch

Question 4

What determines alpha or beta designation in monosaccharides?
How do monosaccharides link?

Answer 4

The configuration of OH and H around carbon 1

They link be dehydration synthesis with takes the OH and an H from the other OH from the ends of two monosaccharides and link them by the O leftover

Question 5

What are the 3 main types of polysaccharides?

Answer 5

Glycogen- branched alpha glucose polymer that is a major storage polysaccharide in animal cells
Starch- branched or unbranched alpha glucose polymer that is a major storage polysaccharide in plants
Cellulose- unbranched polymer of beta glucose molecules that is a principal structural component of plant cell walls

Question 6

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 6

Saturated are straight with no kinks

Unsaturated have a bend in them where a double bonded carbon occurs

Question 7

What are triacylglycerols?

Answer 7

Type of lipid that store fatty acids and consist of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
They have a glycerol head unit with 3 fatty acid chains
Slide 16

Question 8

What are steroid hormones?

Structure?

Answer 8

Lipid Derivatives of cholesterol and act as signalling molecules both within and inbetween cells
Estrogen and testosterone

4 carbon rings slide 21

Question 9

What are glycolipids?

Answer 9

A carbohydrate linked to a lipid with two fatty acid tails slide 20

Question 10

What are DNA and RNA polymers of?

What are the four types?

Answer 10

Nucleotides with consist of purine and Pyrimidine vases linked to phosphorylated sugars
Purines are adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Uracil takes place of thymine in RNA

Question 11

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

Answer 11

Ribose has an alcohol group on Carbon 2 while deoxyribose has just hydrogen on carbon 2

Question 12

What’s the difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?

Answer 12

Nucleosides are a nitrogenous bass linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar (don’t contain phosphate group)
Nucleosides also contain the phosphate group and are the basic building blocks of RNA and DNA

Question 13

What are the bonds that from between nucleotides and how do they attach?

Answer 13

Phosphodiester bonds form between the 5’ phosphate of one nucleotides and the 3’ hydroxyl on the sugar of another
Forms a right handed double helix in dna and runs antiparallel slide 31

Question 14

How do cytosine and guanine bind compared to thymine and alanine?

Answer 14

C and T bond using 3 hydrogen bonds while A and T only use 2
Slide 30

Question 15

Do nucleotides play roles in cellular energetics?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

What is the fundamental structure of amino acids? What are the four groups they’re put into?

Answer 16

A central carbon with an amino group (NH3+)to the left and a carbonyl group (COO-) to the right and a hydrogen on the bottom with a side chain (R) group on the top

Nonpolar side chains (hydrophobic)
Polar chains (hydrophilic)
Basic (positive charged) (hydrophilic)
Acidic (negatively charged) (hydrophilic)

Question 17

What join proteins and how are they formed?

Answer 17

Peptide binds has dehydration synthesis as well and take the two H’s from an amino group and one oxygen from another amino acids carbonyl group and join by the C of the carbonyl group and the N of the amino group

Question 18

What is primary structure of proteins?

Answer 18

Linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Question 19

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

What are the two types

Answer 19

The regular arrangement of amino acids within region of the poly peptide
Alpha helix and beta sheets held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 20

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 20

The folding pattern of the poly peptide chain as a result of interactions between the side chains of amino acids
Stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with protein, hydrophilic interactions on surface of protein, and disqualified bonds between cysteine residues

Question 21

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 21

Interactions between different polypeptide chains and composed of more than one polypeptide

Question 22

How can lipids move in the membrane?

Answer 22

They can rotate, move side to side but cannot flip sides

Question 23

Difference between integral membrane protein and peripheral membrane protein?

Answer 23

Integral is in the membrane and peripheral is attached outside the membrane
Slide 49 diagram

Question 24

What’s the difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins?

Answer 24

Channel proteins form open pores through the membrane which allow free passage of any molecule of the appropriate size and structure
Carrier proteins selectively bind and transport specific small molecules such as glucose
Slides 51 and 52

Question 25

What is passive vs active transport?

Answer 25

Passive- molecules are transported by either channel or carrier proteins across membrane in energetically favourable direction
Active- molecules are transported in an energetically unfavourable direction (against conc gradient) coupled to ATP hydrolysis

Question 26

What is proteomics?

What is genome sequencing?

Answer 26

Proteonomics is Large-scale analysis of proteins

Genome sequencing has yielded the complete sequence of the human genome

Question 27

What is systems biology?

Answer 27

The study of biological systems whose behaviour can not be reduced to the linear sum of their parts functions
Omics approaches, mathematical modelling, bioinformatics

Question 28

How do proteins interact?

Answer 28

Nuclear proteins in the center, cytoplasmic proteins in the middle layer then membrane and extracellular proteins are on the outside layer

Form complex networks and complexes