Chapter 2

Question 1

What are the four functions of life?

Answer 1

Movement
Metabolism
Reproduction
Response to environment

Question 2

What are the three points of the cell theory?

Answer 2

1. All organisms are made of one or more cells
2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of life
3. Cells can only arise from division of a pre existing cell

Question 3

What were the requirements for the formation of the first cell?

Answer 3

• Organic molecules
• Molecules for catalysis of chemical reactions and self replication
• A barrier between the internal cell environment and the external environment

Question 4

What provided the basic materials from which the first living organisms arose?
Who demonstrated this?

Answer 4

Spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules

Demonstrated by Stanley miller

Question 5

What is the only molecule able to both catalyze chemical reactions and self replicate?

Answer 5

RNA

This makes it likely the first genetic material in an early stage of chemical evolution

Question 6

What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

Prokaryotic- lack nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic organelles
Eukaryotic- has a nucleus and genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm and has cytoplasmic organelles

Question 7

What are archaebacteria?

What are bacteria?

Answer 7

Archaebacteria were prevalent in primitive earth and often live in extreme environments
Bacteria are a large group of organisms that live in a wide range of environments like soil water and other organisms

Question 8

What is Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)?

It’s structure?

Answer 8

Used as the typical prokaryotic cell that lives in human intestinal tract
E. coli is surrounded by a rigid cell wall composed of polysaccharides and peptides
Beneath the cell wall is the plasma membrane
It has DNA in a circular molecule called the
Nucleoid

Divided every 20 min

Question 9

Differences between animal and plant cells? (Minor pictures)

Answer 9

Look at pictures on slides 18 and 19

Question 10

What is the mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes?

Answer 10

Mitochondria- site of oxidative metabolism in eukaryotic cells
Lysosomes- specialized metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisomes- perform various oxidative reactions

Question 11

What are the vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus?

Answer 11

Vacuoles have many function in plants cells- digestion of macromolecules and storage of waste products and nutrients
Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of intracellular membranes for transporting proteins
Golgi apparatus sorts and transports proteins destined for secretion

Question 12

What are yeasts?

Answer 12

The simplest eukaryotes, more complex than bacteria but smaller and simpler than cells of animals and plants

Question 13

What are the three main tissue systems that plants are organized into?

Answer 13

Ground tissue
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue

Question 14

What are the five main tissue systems in humans?

Answer 14

Epithelial- sheets that cover surface of body and line internal organs
Connective- bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue
Blood- red blood cells and white blood cells
Nervous- supporting cells and nerve cells (neutrons)
Muscle- production of force and movement

Question 15

What are the four functions cells must do?

Answer 15

• be surrounded by a membrane
• use DNA as genetic material and RNA as carrier of info
• protein synthesis
• metabolism and specialization

Question 16

What is the nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans?

Answer 16

Slide 36
Simple multicellular organism where the entire cell lineage is known
Easily grown and subjected to genetic manipulations

Question 17

What is the fruit fly, or Drosophila Melanogaster?

Answer 17

Model organisms for study of cells since it’s easily maintained and bred in the laboratory

Question 18

What is the most suitable animal for genetic analysis?

Answer 18

The rat since it’s easy to keep in a lab with a complete genome sequence

Question 19

Who invented the first simple microscope and who made the first microscope able to magnify up to 300 times?

Answer 19

Robert Hooke invented first simple light microscope

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope magnified objects up to 300 times

Question 20

What is phase contrast and differential interference-contrast microscopy? (One definition)

Answer 20

Optical systems that convert variations in density or thickness into contrast that can be seen without staining
This allows visualization of LIVE CELLS! they are alive while watching
Slide 45

Question 21

What is fluorescence microscopy?

Answer 21

Used to study intracellular distribution of molecules
Fluorescent markers, dyes and proteins used to visualize proteins or structures in living cells
Slide 47 and 48

Question 22

What was the first fluorescent protein discovered?

Answer 22

The green fluorescent protein

One of the major technological breakthroughs in visualization of living cells

Question 23

What is confocal microscopy?

Answer 23

Specialized form of fluorescent microscopy
Allows for focus on a single plane in the specimen which provides a much sharper image

Multiple images are used to construct a 3D image
Slide 54

Question 24

What is transmission electron microscopy?

Answer 24

Passes a beam of electrons through a specimen to form an image on a fluorescent screen
Requires sectioning of specimen
Slide 56

Question 25

What is scanning electron microscopy?

Answer 25

Electron beam reflects off sample surface that’s coated with metal
Provides 3D surface image of the specimen while it’s still intact
Slide 56

Question 26

What is differential centrifugation?

Answer 26

Separates and isolates organelles (size and density) for use in biochemical studies
An ultracentrifuge can rotate samples at very high speeds (over 100000 rpm) that causes cell components to move toward bottom of centrifugal tube

Question 27

What is in vitro cell culture?

Answer 27

To study cell growth and differentiation, to perform genetic manipulations

Question 28

What are primary cultures and permanent cell lines in growth of animal cells in culture?

Answer 28

Primary cultures are the first cell cultures established from a tissue
Permanent (or immortal) cell lines are embryonic stem cells or cells derive from rumours that may proliferate indefinitely in culture