Chapter 3 Flashcards
Cast
[transitive] cast something (over something) to make light, a shadow, etc. appear in a particular place
The setting sun cast an orange glow over the mountains.
The illuminator did not cast much light
Equip
equip something to be fully/poorly equipped
She got a bank loan to rent and equip a small workshop.
Freight
[uncountable] goods that are transported by ships, planes, trains or lorries/trucks; the system of transporting goods in this way
to send goods by air freight
a freight business
passenger and freight transportation services
Generat
generate something to produce or create something
to generate electricity/heat/power
to generate income/profit
We need someone to generate new ideas.
There are a variety of ways to generate electricity.
The new development will generate 1,500 new jobs.
Selling food will increase the club’s ability to generate revenue/income.
Illuminate
to light something and make it brighter:
The streets were illuminated with strings of coloured lights.
In the past, people used candles to illuminate their houses.
to explain and show more clearly something that is difficult to understand:
an article which illuminates the issues at stake
Knot
She tied the ribbon tightly in a knot.
I can’t untie the knot - it’s too tight.
After several attempts to untie the knot, I admitted defeat and cut through it with a knife.
Can you tie a knot in this piece of string?
The rope was full of knots.
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
Mode
formal a way of operating, living, or behaving:
Each department in the company has its own mode of operation.
Railways are an important mode of transport for the economy.
Switch your phone to silent mode.
سبك حالت
Portable
that is easy to carry or to move
a portable TV
The equipment is lightweight, portable and easy to store.
Rugged
راگِد
(of land) wild and not even; not easy to travel over:
rugged landscape/terrain/hills/cliffs
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
Rough, irregular and uneven
Stringent
ˈstrinjənt
having a very severe effect, or being extremely limiting:
The most stringent laws in the world are useless unless there is the will to enforce them.
We need to introduce more stringent security measures such as identity cards.
Stringent safety regulations were introduced after the accident.
Vulnerable
able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked:
I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
It is on economic policy that the government is most vulnerable.
Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid.
Tricky
(rather informal) difficult to do or deal with
a tricky situation
Getting it to fit exactly is a tricky business.
The equipment can be tricky to install.
(of people) clever but likely to trick you
Dependable
I find him very dependable.
She is loyal and totally dependable.
At the time, Britain was seen as the most dependable ally.
The service was not entirely dependable and flights were often cancelled.
Reliable
Extinguish
to stop a fire or a light burning:
It took the firefighters several hours to extinguish the flames.
to extinguish a cigarette
Delicate
needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged:
Peaches have delicate skins which are easily bruised.
Delicate plants need to be kept in a greenhouse during the winter.
delicate china
Molly’s health has always been delicate (= she gets sick easily).
Intense
Intensely
Intensify
Intensity
A locomotive needs a headlamp with high intensity
Using a stronger battery will intensify lights
The light form candles is not very intense
Some materials burn more intensely than others
Exclude
It wasn’t my intention to exclude her from the list - I just forgot her.
Couples who are childless can feel excluded from the rest of society.
The net weight of something excludes the weight of the material that it is packed in.
At that time, women were excluded from the club.
People who have to, or choose to, exclude certain foods from their diet must be particularly careful about eating healthy balanced meals.
Vegetarianism
Where vegetarianism is not a tradition, this may require some careful planning.
Rebellion
[uncountable, countable] an attempt by some of the people in a country to change their government, using violence
synonym uprising
The north of the country rose in rebellion against the government.
The army put down the rebellion.
…they may do so partly out of a spirit of rebellion,because,,,,
centrepiece
the most important or attractive part or feature of something:
The reduction of crime levels is the centrepiece of the president’s domestic policies.
The centrepiece of the shopping centre is a giant fountain.
clog
to block something or to become blocked
clog something (up) (with something) The narrow streets were clogged with traffic.
Tears clogged her throat.
The wheels got clogged up with mud.
destruction
the act of destroying something, or the fact of being destroyed:
Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests.
Unusually high winds left a trail of destruction over the area.
disruptive
disrupt
causing trouble and therefore stopping something from continuing as usual:
His teacher described him as a noisy, disruptive influence in class.
Building a subway system can
cause a lot of disruptions to traffic
on the streets.
They try to disrupt traffic as little
as possible during subway construction.
The process of building a subway
can be disruptive, but the result
is well worth it.
Upsetting and destabilizing
intrinsic
extrinsic
being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing:
works of little intrinsic value/interest
Maths is an intrinsic part of the school curriculum.
the intrinsic value of education
These tasks were repetitive, lengthy and lacking any intrinsic interest.
extrinsic factors
She was motivated by the idea of extrinsic rewards such as salary rather than intrinsic ones such as pride and self-respect.
rival
They beat several other rivals for the contract.
He beat his closest/nearest rival by 20 marks.
The companies produce rival versions of the toy.
shield
Water is not an effective shield against the sun’s more harmful rays.
She hid her true feelings behind a shield of cold indifference.
a policeman’s shield
spring up
to start to exist suddenly:
Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past couple of years.
exciting and being
vent
a small opening that allows air, smoke, or gas to enter or leave a closed space:
If you have a gas fire in a room, you should have some kind of outside vent.
dariche
utilise
The new computer system is not being fully utilized yet.
an oil commonly utilized in aromatherapy
Concrete had long been utilized as a bonding and covering material.
concrete
a concrete floor
I have a suspicion that he’s having an affair, though I don’t have any concrete proof.
He drew attention to the absence of concrete evidence against the defendant.
Scenery
The scenery is magnificent.
to enjoy the scenery
The train passes through some magnificent scenery.
They have large windows so you can enjoy the scenery.
Accelerate
When a vehicle or its driver accelerates, the speed of the vehicle increases:
I accelerated to overtake the bus.
The driver accelerated on the bend and appeared to lose control of the vehicle.
Opposite
decelerate
The car decelerated at the sight of the police car.
Appeal
Request/ court case / fascinating
The appeal of electronic cars is that it doesn’t cause pollution
A car that uses less gasoline would appeal to commuters
Electric cars are appealing to many people
The appeal for people to donate blood was very successful.
They’re launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims.
[ + to infinitive ] The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the area over the weekend.
They’re appealing to the court to reduce the sentence to a fine.
I think what appeals to me about his painting is his use of colour.
Classify
Classification
The classification of a car as a sports car can make it more appealing to many people.
If you classify your car as a commercial vehicle, you will need …
The books in the library are classified by/according to subject.
Biologists classify animals and plants into different groups.
Commute
Commuter
to make the same journey regularly between work and home:
It’s exhausting commuting from
Brighton to London every day.
It’s at least an hour’s commute to work.
Commuters are worried about the increase of traffic on the highways
I have an hour long commute to work everyday
Many people commute from the suburbs to their jobs in the city
Embrace
formal to accept something enthusiastically:
This was an opportunity that he would embrace.
We are always eager to embrace the latest technology.
This was in the days before she embraced religion.
He leaned over to embrace the child.(hold)
She greeted me with a warm embrace.
He held her in a warm embrace.
Flair
flair for something a natural ability to do something well
synonym talent
He has a flair for languages.
Fume
[intransitive, transitive] to be very angry about something
fume (at/over/about somebody/something)
She sat in the car, silently fuming at the traffic jam.
as soon as she saw my red tie she began to fume
She was still quietly fuming about Peter’s remarks.
Hamper
This has hampered the growth of the export market.
Millions of mothers are hampered in their careers by lack of adequate childcare.
Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and there is now little chance of finding more survivors.
Preventing
Intencive
Stimulating encouraging attracting tempting
for some people money is a major incentive
Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income.
[ + to infinitive ] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive.
Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder.
Aerobics is one of the most stimulating forms of exercise.
Markedly
Remarkably noticeably
A marked change or difference in behaviour or in a situation is very obvious or noticeable:
There was a marked improvement in my health when I gave up smoking.
Unemployment has fallen again, although the change is less marked than last month.
Monetary
monetary policy
monetary control
The monetary unit of the UK is the pound.
They betrayed their friends for monetary gain.
It’s hard to put a monetary value on the harm that was done.
Electric cars may be out of reach for some people monetarily
Betray
Disloyalty
He was accused of betraying his country during the war.
She felt betrayed by her mother’s lack of support.
Plod
Moving gently on foot با زحمت راه رفتن
We plodded through the mud.
Despite the wind and the rain, they plodded on until they reached the cabin.
Span
He has a short attention/concentration span.
an average life span of 70 years
Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the country’s economic prospects.
Lifespan
Periods of time - time
Sprawl
He was sprawling in an armchair in front of the TV.
Something hit her and sent her sprawling to the ground.
I tripped and went sprawling.
Suburban
in or connected with a suburb
suburban areas
a suburban street
life in suburban London
