Chapter 1 Flashcards
Aquatic
living or growing in, happening in, or connected with water:
aquatic plants
aquatic sports
…. killing fish and other aquatic wildlife
Array
a large group of things or people, especially one that is attractive or causes admiration or has been positioned in a particular way:
There was a splendid array of food on the table.
They sat before an array of microphones and cameras.
Erosion
the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind:
Physical damage
Fell
[ T ] to cut down a tree:
A great number of trees were felled to provide space for grazing.
Pas simple of fall
Habitat
C1 the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives:
With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its natural habitat.
Intercept
to stop and catch something or someone before that thing or person is able to reach a particular place:
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Central America.
Barry intercepted Naylor’s pass and scored the third goal.
Deforestation
the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people:
Deforestation is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest.
Logging
the activity of cutting down trees in order to use their wood:
logging companies
Myriad
a very large number of something:
a myriad of choices
And now myriads of bars and hotels are opening up along the coast.
Stabilise
[ I ] If something stabilizes, it becomes fixed or stops changing:
He suffered a second heart attack two days ago but his condition has now stabilized.
in order to stabilize prices
به منظور تثبیت قیمتها
● استحکام بخشیدن،تحکیم کردن،استوار کردن،ناجنبا کردن،محکم کردن یا شدن
the government’s actions to stabilize the country’s economy
Terrestrial
Relating to earth
Nutrition
Nutrient
Ghaza taghzie
this food contains all the nutrition your dog needs
Madeye moghazi
Soil nutrient
Aspect
] one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.:
Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?
His illness affects almost every aspect of his life.
Breed
[ I ] (of animals) to have sex and produce young animals:
The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
Diurnal # nocturnal
happening over a period of a day, or being active or happening during the day rather than at night
The diurnal revolution of the earth brings the joyful sunrise and the pathetic sunset.
a farmer’s diurnal tasks
Endure
endurable pain
B2 [ T ] to suffer something difficult, unpleasant, or painful:
We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.
I can no longer endure this situation
She’s already had to endure three painful operations on her leg.
More examples
During the war many couples had to endure long periods of separation .
The family said they had endured years of torment and abuse at the hands of the neighbours.
Evolve
to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually:
Did humans evolve from apes?
The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.
Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics.
More examples
The exhibition will illustrate how life evolved from water.
Most languages are constantly evolving and changing, which is what keeps them alive.
Fascinate
C1 to interest someone a lot:
Science has always fascinated me.
Anything to do with planes and flying fascinates him.
Obscure
not known
not clear and difficult to understand or see:
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.
His answers were obscure and confusing.
Feat
Idioms: be no mean feat ( it’s no small task) it was difficult to do
C2 something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, courage, etc. to achieve it:
The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering.
She performed remarkable feats of organization for the company.
People doing unbelievable feats
Astonishing feat
Brilliant…
Dragging the fully …….. was no mean feat
Hemisphere
A half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the poles.
Imperative
vital importance; crucial.
‘immediate action was imperative’
with clause ‘it is imperative that standards are maintained’
one of the social imperatives of the present age
it is imperative that we try again before giving up
Necessary commanding
Optimum optimal
(also optimal) the best possible; producing the best possible results
optimum growth
the optimum use of resources
the optimum conditions for effective learning
We aim for optimum efficiency in all our operations.
What are the optimum conditions for economic growth?
Species
a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genus and identified by a Latin name
a rare species of beetle
There are many species of dog(s).
a conservation area for endangered species
Stray
Wander off
My mind kept straying back to our last talk together.
We seem to be straying from the main theme of the debate.
[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move away from the place where you should be, without intending to
He strayed into the path of an oncoming car.
Her eyes kept straying over to the clock on the wall.
Windswept
Bar bad rafte
Unerringly
In a way that is always right and accurate
How birds mange to unerringly trvale between distant locations is one aspect that has fascinated obesrvets for centuries
Crow
Beak
كلاغ
نوك
Accumulate
[collect gather] accumulate something to gradually get more and more of something over a period of time
synonym amass
I seem to have accumulated a lot of books.
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.
We have accumulated a great amount of evidence.
Amass
Collect
amass something to collect something, especially in large quantities
synonym accumulate
He amassed a fortune from silver mining.
They amassed enough evidence to convict her.
Adapt
[adjust modify ] to change your behaviour in order to deal more successfully with a new situation
synonym adjust
It’s amazing how soon you adapt.
The organisms were forced to adapt in order to survive.
Determine
It is difficult to determine the exact cause of the illness.
It should be possible to determine the extent of the problem.
Dilute
dilute something (with something) to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid to it
Evaporation
the process of a liquid changing or being changed into a gas
Heat and wind can cause evaporation.
evaporation (of something) (from something) Snow cover prevents evaporation of water from the soil.
Fringe
[countable] (British English) the outer edge of an area or a group
on the northern fringe of the city
the urban/rural fringe
the fringes of society
Labe hashiye
Prolific
(of an artist, a writer, etc.) producing many works, etc.
a prolific author
(of plants, animals, etc.) producing a lot of fruit, flowers, young, etc.
prolific plant growth
Resilient
able to feel better quickly after something unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc.
He’ll get over it—young people are amazingly resilient.
These plants are very resilient to rough handling.
Sparse
only present in small amounts or numbers and often spread over a large area
the sparse population of the islands
Vegetation becomes sparse higher up the mountains.
The information available on the subject is sparse.
Swing
[intransitive, transitive] to move backwards or forwards or from side to side while hanging from a fixed point; to make something do this
His arms swung as he walked.
As he pushed her, she swung hi
Thrive
to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc.
synonym flourish
New businesses thrive in this area.
These animals rarely thrive in captivity.
Scorching
Scorching summer
Burning hot
Inhibit
Forbid
Survivors
A ceasefire has been called to allow the survivors to bury their dead.
The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help.
Rescue teams searched among the wreckage for survivors.
Desperate
C2 very serious or bad: desperate poverty a desperate shortage of food/supplies The situation is desperate - we have no food, very little water and no medical supplies. very great or extreme: The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help. He has a desperate desire to succeed.
