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Bio 300 Genetics > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

After which stage or phase of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur?

A

M phase

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2
Q

During which stage or phase of the cell cycle does the cell replicate its chromosomes?

A

S phase

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3
Q

Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in

A

two identical daughter cells.

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4
Q

Which organelle migrates during M phase to form the two opposite poles of the dividing cell and acts as the source of the spindle fiber microtubules?

A

centrosome

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5
Q

A dihybrid has the genotype AaBb. After a normal mitotic division into two daughters cells, one daughter cell will have the genotype ________ and the other will have the genotype ________.

A

AaBb; AaBb

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6
Q

The separation of sister chromatids during anaphase I of mitosis is known as chromosome

A

disjunction

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7
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell nucleus?

A

46

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8
Q

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell nucleus?

A

23

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9
Q

How many sister chromatids are found in a human somatic cell nucleus during mitosis?

A

92

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10
Q

What process is used to make mature germ-line cells, or gametes?

A

meiosis

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11
Q

The ________ number varies among species (each species has its characteristic number of pairs) and is identified nonspecifically as 2n.

A

diploid

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12
Q

The ________ number, or n, is the number of chromosomes contained in the nuclei of gametes, the nonsomatic cells.

A

haploid

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13
Q

(mitosis and cytokinesis) follows G2, the last stage of interphase.

A

M phase

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14
Q

The S phase of the cell cycle results in the production of two identical copies of each chromosome, known as __________.

A

sister chromatids

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15
Q

sister chromatids

A

duplicated copies of a chromosome that remain attached at the centromere.

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16
Q

What is the name of the protein that holds sister chromatids together?

A

cohesion

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17
Q

localizes between the sister chromatids and holds them together to resist the pull of the kinetochore microtubules.

A

cohesion

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18
Q

protein structure assembled at the centromere, to which spindle microtubules attach.

A

kinetochore

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19
Q

After chromosomes condense, the ______ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other.

A

centromere(s)

20
Q

During mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the

A

kinetochore

21
Q

In dividing cells, most of the cell’s growth occurs during

A

interphase

22
Q

The____ is a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division

A

mitotic spindle(s)

23
Q

During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called

A

chromatin

24
Q

In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by _____, when the rest of the cell divides.

A

cytokinesis

25
Q

The ______ are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis

A

centrosome(s)

26
Q

During meiosis I, when does homologous chromosome pairing and recombination occur?

A

prophase I

27
Q

The binding of nonsister chromatids by a synaptonemal complex draws the homologs into close contact so that what process can occur?

A

synapsis

28
Q

Contact points between nonsister chromatids that mark the locations of DNA-strand exchange are called

A

chiasmata

29
Q

In meiosis I, the diploid number (2n) of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number (n) because of the separation of what?

A

homologous chromosomes

30
Q

In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate and produce four _____ gametes.

A

haploid

31
Q

sites where DNA strand exchange between non-sister chromatids has occurred

A

chiasmata

32
Q

During which stage of mitosis and/or meiosis do homologs segregate?

A

anaphase I of meiosis

33
Q

Independent assortment explains

A

why a collection of meiotic products that includes gametes of genotype Ab will also include gametes of genotype AB in roughly the same proportion

34
Q

Separation of sister chromatids occurs

A

at anaphase in mitosis and anaphase II in meiosis

35
Q

Novel combinations of genes can arise from _______.

A

reciprocal exchange of DNA between homologs during prophase I

36
Q

At the end of the G1 stage, cells have the option of entering which two phases?
___ phase or ___ phase

A

S, G0

37
Q

Which type of proteins forms complexes with cyclins to regulate progress through cell cycle checkpoints?

Which type of proteins forms complexes with cyclins to regulate progress through cell cycle checkpoints?
phosphatases
ATP synthetases
kinases
transcription factors
A

kinases

38
Q

Morgan’s analysis of a white-eyed male Drosophila mutation helped explain

A

X-linked inheritance.

39
Q

hemizygous

A

half zygous

40
Q

males in X-linked genes for Drosophilia are

A

hemizygous for X-linked genes

41
Q

each division crates two identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

42
Q

what happens during the G1 phase of interphase

A

active gene expression and preparation for DNA synthesis

43
Q

what happens during the S phase of interphase

A

cell replicates its DNA and chromosomes

44
Q

during which stage of interphase does the cell prepare for entry into M phase for cell division?

A

G2

45
Q

cells rates of transcription and translation are particularly high during this stage of interphase

A

G1

46
Q

between which two stages of interphase does the G0 stage fall?

A

between G1 and S

47
Q

what is the G0 stage

A

nondividning state. cells do not continue through the cell cycle

Bio 300 Genetics (4 decks)

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