Chapter 3

Question 1

Manuel Castells and the Urban Question

Answer 1

• applied the ideas of Marx to thinking about the city
• concerned with how institutions of modern capitalism arose and how they worked
• argued that Robert Park and Ernest Burgess had misconstrued the fundamental nature of cities and modern urban life; claimed that modern capitalism dominated everything in the city
• thought that analysts should think of urban life in terms of the ways in which people consumed things rather than the ways which they produced them
• very popular among student and metropolitan areas

Question 2

David Harvey

Answer 2

• embraced ideas of Karl Marx
• major insight suggested that a Marxist view helped to reveal the blind spots in the conventional ways in which sociologists and geographers talked about cities; argued modern cities is fraught with problems and issues, root of which is capitalism
• insisted that homeowners and renters are exploited in the transactions they carry out with bankers, developers and real estate companies

Question 3

Uneven Growth

Answer 3

the unequal spatial development of cities, with older portions left to decline and new growth occurs elsewhere

Question 4

John Logan and Harvey Molotch

Answer 4

• argued that earlier Chicago sociologists never talked about real people, whether average or powerful; wanted scholars to pay more attention to the lives of real people who lived and worked in cities
• Growth is also a political fact, not just economic
• While some may gain from expansion, there are losers, primarily the residents of the city

Question 5

City As A Growth Machine

Answer 5

a concept, developed by Molotch and Logan, that interprets the city as a machine whose sole purpose is growth

Question 6

Growth Coalition

Answer 6

a group of individuals and organizatinos who come together in support of urban growth

Question 7

Use Value

Answer 7

Marx’s concept valuing the use of a thing; resident’s primary concern regarding their neighborhoods

Question 8

Exchange Value

Answer 8

Marx’s concept of the market value of commodities; the primary interest of real estate developers

Question 9

Jane Jacobs

Answer 9

• Jacobs was a major critic of urban planning in the city, particularly Robert Moses
• Argued that life of cities could be found not in the design of the major highways or big buildings, but in the people and neighborhoods
• Claimed that neighborhoods provided the important elements of the everyday community life of people
• Claimed that a police forces was almost unnecessary
• Wrote, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Question 10

Sharon Zukin

Answer 10

• efforts to chang the character of the city from an industrial form, to a new form where in which people became concerned as much about how to use their growing leisure time
• the US had begun to change from a country based on production to one which would be based on what people consumed
• Zukin helped spearhead a new line of urban scholarship devoted to issues of culture and consumption; explored how new patterns of consumption and lifestyles were reshaping the industrial city of the past
• Argued that residential use of old factory warehouses in New York was good; i.e. SoHo
• Old areas of manufacturing were changed into new areas of residence, became increasingly desirable residences for wealthier people

Question 11

Gentrification

Answer 11

redevelopment of older residential and/or industrial districts of the metropolis; marked by increased land values and population changes

Question 12

Going Global

Answer 12

• both Sassen and Friedman insisted that beginning in the 1980s cities across the world were becoming ordered into a new hierarchy
  o some were hubs for finance and banking, others for manufacturing
• the growth of the global economy increased at such a rapid pace over the course of these 20 years
• Sassen argued that financial and service functions had become concentrated in and controlled by a small number of global cities; New York, London, Tokyo