Chapter 2

Question 1

The Social and Theoretical Roots of Modern Urban Theory

Answer 1

• in the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels characterized cities as sites where the concentration of laborers reflected not only deprivation but also great potential
• urban density set the stage for communication among workers

Question 2

Ferdinand Tonnies: Community and Society

Answer 2

• concerned with how modern life was different from earlier forms of social life
• believed that the types of social organizations and relationships people had with one another in the modernizing world were vastly different from those in the premodern world

Question 3

Gemeinschaft

Answer 3

Tonnies term for community, the close and intimate, as opposed to fleeting and impersonal relationships between people; towns and villages, produced more durable and lasting relationships

Question 4

Gesellschaft

Answer 4

Ferdinand Tonnies term for society, the partial and impersonal, as opposed to close and intimate relationships between people; to capture the qualities of new cities that people were moving to; people only knew each other in a specific sphere or organization

Question 5

Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life

Answer 5

invented explanations and theories of social relationships, showing how the numbers of people in a relationship routinely influenced the way in which people acted and thought about one another
- pictured life in the city as impersonal and anonymous
- thought that the nature of the way in which people thought was in terms of calculation and rationality
- Strangers: types of people, or social types who were unknown
to others and who possessed no particular social ties or relationships to them

Question 6

Ebenezer Howard

Answer 6

-Garden City Plan attempts to unify the city and the natural world

Question 7

Chicago School of Sociology

Answer 7

• Social Space – the ways in which the spatial patterns and areas of cities are shaped and influenced by their residents
• Concentric zones theory – Ernest Burgess and Robert Park’s theory of metropolitan areas being in a set of circular areas radiating from the center

Question 8

The City, Social change, and social order

Answer 8

• The central portions of the city were the most valuable ones; these were the areas where the major financial and commercial institutions were located, and the areas, therefore, where the price of land was the highest

Question 9

Human Ecology

Answer 9

the view that change in cities can be construed in terms of the rivalries among different population groups

Question 10

Competition for Social Space

Answer 10

Park suggested that real groups, many recent immigrants, competed with one another to gain social dominance in a particular area of the city, then it could take on a social identity

Question 11

Sentiment

Answer 11

Walter Fiery’s term for a set of attachments people have to places, whether aesthetic, historical, or familial

Question 12

Symbolism

Answer 12

in Walter Firey’s conception, what a place represents as compared to other places

Question 13

Life in the City as a Way of Life

Answer 13

• urbanism as a way of life – Louis Wirth’s view of life in the city as impersonal and anonymous
• the city, he argued, was a large and complex site, one of the new and dynamic institutions
• viewed the city as a place where one did not act as a member of a community or a family but rather as a lone individuals