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Biology year 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell which doesn’t contain membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Example of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacterial cell

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3
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cells which contain membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Example or eukaryotic cell

A

Animal cell

Plant cell

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5
Q

What are the differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic: no nucleus/DNA is in circular strands called plasmids/ ribosomes are smaller/capsule/no chloroplasts/cell wall made of murein
Eukaryotic:clear nucleus/DNA is histones/DNA is linear/chloroplasts/ribosomes larger/no capsule/cell wall made of cellulose

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6
Q

In a prokaryotic cell what does the capsule do?

A

Layer of polysaccharide that protects the cell

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7
Q

In a prokaryotic cell what does the cell wall do?

A

Maintains cell shape and rigidity

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8
Q

In a prokaryotic cell what does the plasma membrane do?

A

Lots of proteins and is responsible for the transport of proteins

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9
Q

In a prokaryotic cell what does the ribosomes do?

A

Gives a grainy appearance-it translates the genetic message in meg gage RNA into the production of proteins

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10
Q

In a prokaryotic cell what does the pill do?

A

Hollow hair like structures made of proteins which allow the bacteria to attach to other cells

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11
Q

In a prokaryotic cell what does the nucleotide do?

A

This is the area which the DNA is confined to because a prokaryotic cell has no nucleus

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12
Q

In a prokaryotic cell what does the flagella do?

A

Long appendages which rotate by means of a motor which is under the cytoplasmic membrane

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13
Q

How do cells divide in prokaryotic cells?

A

Binary fission

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14
Q

What is the process of Binary Fission

A

1) DNA replicates and attaches to cell membrane
2) plasmid replicates
3) cell membrane grows inward, pinching the cytoplasm
4) new cell wall forms between the 2 DNA molecules
5) 2 new daughter cells

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15
Q

What is in the ultra stutter of an animal cell?

A 
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Ribosomes 
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
Lysosomes
Golgi body
Microtubules
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16
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Responsible for aerobic respiration due to large surface area and folds

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17
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Let’s substances in and out of the cell

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18
Q

What does the ribosomes do?

A

Found in the cytoplasm, they synthesis proteins for the cytoskeleton and general functions

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19
Q

What does the microtubules do?

A

Move cytoplasmic components

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20
Q

What does the RER do?

A

Ribosomes are attached to the cytosolic side of the membrane so is “rough”. It is found in the cells which make proteome for export .i.e hormones

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21
Q

What does the SER do?

A

No ribosomes- needed for synthesis and metabolism. Produces lipids

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22
Q

What does the Golgi body do?

A

Retrieve lipids and proteins from RER and sends them to either lysosomes or plasma membrane

23
Q

What to the lysosomes do?

A

A phospholipid bilateral and acid hydrolysed which are enzymes that break down macromolecules

24
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much larger a sample appears to be compared to its actual size

25
What happens if you increase magnification?
You increase blurryness
26
What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish two objects which are close together
27
What happens if the resolution is higher?
You get more detail
28
Why are electron microscopes better than light microscopes?
1) Light microscopes wavelength is too long (can't distinguish 2 objects) 2) the resolution of an electronmicroscopes is higher
29
What is an ultra microtome?
It slices cells so we can see them in the transmission microscope
30
Compare TEM's and SEM's
TEM-internal view/2D/specimen sliced THIN/electrons shoot through the specimen/artefacts may occur SEM-external view/3D/ short wavelength/electrons shoot and deflect off specimen/focused with electromagnets
31
What is ultrastructure?
Things that you cannot see with a,ought microscope
32
What is ultracentrifugation?
Spinning cells round at a very high G to separate the components in the cell
33
What is cell fractionation?
Smashing open the cell to look internally
34
What is centrifugation?
Isolation that cell organelles that you want to separate
35
What is homoginization?
The actual process of opening the cells
36
Why is the solution homogenized in an isotonic solution?
-to stop osmotic damage, with a pH buffer to regulate pH and at an ice cold temperature to prevent enzyme damage
37
What is morphology
A fancy word for the shape of the cell
38
What is anucleic?
A cell with no nucleus like a bacterial cell
39
What is a light microscope?
Used in cells/long wavelength so poor resolution/look at specimen directly/specimen dead or alive/specimen easy to prepare
40
What is mitosis?
The division of cells that result in each of the daughter cells having an exact copy of DNA of the parent cell
41
What are the stages of mitosis?
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis ```
42
What happens in interphase?
DNA replicates and is joined at the centromere
43
What happens in prophase?
Centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle fibres develop which go from pole to pole
44
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes seem to be made of 2 chromatids which are joined at the centromere. The chromatids move along the spindle apparatus and line up at the equator of the cell
45
What happens in anaphase
The centromeres divided in 2 and the spindle fibre pull the chromatids apart. Energy for this is provided by the mitochondria
46
What happens in telophase/cytokinesis?
Chromosomes reach their respective poles and become longer. The spindle fibres disintegrate and the nuclear envelope and nucleus reform. Cytoplasm divides
47
Why is mitosis important?
Growth Repair Reproduction
48
How do you calculate mitotic index?
MI= No. Of cells with condensed chromosomes/total no. Of cells X100
49
What are oncogenes?
Proteins which switch off the process of cell Division
50
What are pro oncogens?
Proteins which switch on the process of cell division
51
What is begin?
Not spreading/not harmful | This is what most tumours are however the pay can compress and cause damage to surrounding tissue
52
What is malignant?
Spreading/developed and are dangerous. Some tumours spread from their site of origin.they develop their own blood and lymph supply-->this transports the malignant cells SO THE TUMOUR SPREADS!!!!!:(:(:(
53
How can you treat cancer?
You kill the cells by blocking part of the cell Cole- this disrupts the cell divisor so cancer growth ceases. (Preventing DNA replication)

Biology year 1 (2 decks)

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